Systems and methods for high energy density heat transfer

ABSTRACT

The application pertains to, for example, novel processes and systems for heat transfer, refrigeration, energy storage, and various cooling and heating processes. Such processes may include cooling or mixing various liquid-liquid phase transition liquids to release and/or energy. Additionally or alternatively, such processes may include charging and/or discharging thermal storage reservoirs with layered liquids of various temperatures.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

For U.S. purposes, the instant application is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. application Ser. No. 16/826,469 filed Mar. 23, 2020, published asUS2020/0363108 on Nov. 19, 2020, and allowed on Oct. 31, 2020. U.S.application Ser. No. 16/826,469 claims priority to U.S. provisionalapplication numbers: 62/822,501 filed Mar. 22, 2019; 62/872,851 filedJul. 11, 2019; 62/976,398 filed Feb. 14, 2020; 62/984,394 filed Mar. 3,2020 and 62/988,999 filed Mar. 13, 2020. The application also claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/969,211 filed Feb. 3,2020 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/969,774 filed Feb. 4, 2020.All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY

The instant application pertains to novel processes and systems for heattransfer, refrigeration, energy storage, and various cooling and heatingprocesses.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Prior art processes and systems for heating, cooling, heat transfer,refrigeration, and thermal storage are often energy intensive, areinefficient, negatively affect climate change, and/or require expensive,inefficient, and/or relatively ineffective chemicals or equipment. Whatis needed are cost-effective and efficient processes and/or systems thatare more energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and/or offer otherbenefits. Advantageously, the processes and systems described herein mayaddress at least one up to all of the aforementioned needs and may haveeven additional benefits.

In some embodiments the instant application pertains to processes forheat transfer. The processes may comprise cooling a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising two liquid phases below an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid comprising one liquid phase. The one liquidphase may be cooled below a temperature of a solid-liquid phase changeto form a composition comprising a solid-liquid slurry. At least aportion of said solid-liquid slurry may be transferred to an applicationrequiring cooling, a heat source, or both.

In another embodiment the application pertains to a process for heattransfer comprising cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising a single phase below an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range to form a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprising two liquid phases. The liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprising two liquid phases is cooled below a temperature of asolid-liquid phase change to form a composition comprising asolid-liquid slurry. At least a portion of said solid-liquid slurry maybe transferred to an application requiring cooling, a heat source, orboth.

In another embodiment the application pertains to a process forproducing ice. The process comprises mixing one liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid with another liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to form an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition. Heat is removed and the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is mixed with a phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent to form an endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition. At least a portion of the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprises water. The endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionreduces the temperature to about the freezing point of water or below tofreeze at least a portion of liquid water to form ice.

In another embodiment the application pertains to a process comprisingmixing two non-contiguous liquid phases to form an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. At least a portion of theendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprises water. Thetemperature is reduced to at or below the freezing point of water suchthat at least a portion of liquid water freezes to form ice.

In another embodiment the application pertains to a process for thermalstorage comprising providing a thermal storage reservoir with a firstliquid having a first temperature and a second liquid having a lowertemperature than the first liquid. The first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank due to a difference in densitybetween said first and second liquid. The density difference is due to adifference in composition, concentration, or both. The thermal storagereservoir is charged by removing at least a portion of said first liquidand adding at least a portion of said second liquid. The added secondliquid's temperature is lower than the first liquid. The thermalreservoir is discharged by removing at least a portion of said secondliquid and adding at least a portion of said first liquid. The addedfirst liquid's temperature is higher than the second liquid.

In another embodiment the application pertains to a process for thermalstorage comprising providing a thermal storage reservoir with a firstliquid having a first temperature and a second liquid having a lowertemperature than the first liquid. The first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank due to a difference in densitybetween said first and second liquid. The density difference is due to adifference in composition, concentration, or both. The thermal storagereservoir is charged by removing at least a portion of said secondliquid and adding at least a portion of said first liquid. The addedfirst liquid's temperature is higher than the second liquid. The thermalreservoir is discharged by removing at least a portion of said firstliquid and adding at least a portion of said second liquid. The addedsecond liquid's temperature is lower than the first liquid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle with MixingInside Heat Exchanger.

FIG. 1B: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle with MixingInside Air Side Heat Exchanger and Heat Sink Heat Exchanger.

FIG. 2A: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withEndothermic Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Exothermic Liquid-LiquidPhase Transition Conducted in Separate Locations.

FIG. 2B: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withEndothermic Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Exothermic Liquid-LiquidPhase Transition Conducted in Separate Locations.

FIG. 3: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withEndothermic Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Exothermic Liquid-LiquidPhase Transition Conducted in Separate Locations.

FIG. 4: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withEndothermic Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Exothermic Liquid-LiquidPhase Transition Conducted in Separate Locations.

FIG. 5: Cooling Process Employing Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-liquid phase changeMaterial.

FIG. 6A: Cooling Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-liquid phase changeMaterial wherein Cooling in the Temperature Range of Enthalpy ofLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Cooling in the Temperature Range ofSolid-liquid phase change are Conducted as Separate Steps

FIG. 6B: Cooling Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-liquid phase changeMaterial wherein Cooling in the Temperature Range of Enthalpy ofLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Cooling in the Temperature Range ofSolid-liquid phase change are Conducted as Separate Steps with ExampleTemperatures and Heat Transfer Medium States of an Example Embodiments.

FIG. 7: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle Process forIce Making with Temperature Zones

FIG. 8: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle Process forIce Making.

FIG. 9A: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withLiquid-Liquid Separation Before One Heat Exchange and One Liquid PhaseHeat Exchanging in Chilling Application.

FIG. 9B: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle withLiquid-Liquid Separation Before One Heat Exchange and One Liquid PhaseHeat Transfer in Chilling Application

FIG. 10A: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle with HeatTransfer Supply and Return.

FIG. 10B: Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Refrigeration Cycle with HeatTransfer Supply and Return.

FIG. 11A: Cooling Process Employing Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Insoluble Solid-liquid phasechange Material.

FIG. 11B: Cooling Process Employing Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Soluble Solid-liquid phasechange Material.

FIG. 11C: Heating or Cooling Process Employing Heat Transfer MediumComprising Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid, or Solid-liquid phasechange Material, or Liquid, or Solid-Solid Phase Transition Material, ora Combination Thereof.

FIG. 12A: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial with Adjustable Concentration of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Embodiment with a portion of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial being Removed from the Heat Transfer Medium.

FIG. 12B: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial with Adjustable Concentration of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Embodiment with a portion of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial being Added to the Heat Transfer Medium.

FIG. 13A: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial with Adjustable Concentration of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Embodiment with a portion of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial being Removed at a Liquid Phase from the Heat Transfer Medium.

FIG. 13B: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial with Adjustable Concentration of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Embodiment with a portion of Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial being Added at a Liquid Phase to the Heat Transfer Medium.

FIG. 14: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Solid-Liquid Phase Change Material being Removed beforeAdjustment of the Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid.

FIG. 15: Heat Transfer Process with Heat Transfer Medium ComprisingLiquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid and Solid-Liquid Phase ChangeMaterial showing Replacement of One Solid-Liquid Phase Change Materialwith a Different Solid-Liquid Phase Change Material and Adjustment ofthe Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid.

FIG. 16: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a top layer.

FIG. 17: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a top layer.

FIG. 18: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a bottom layer.

FIG. 19: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stred in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a bottom layer.

FIG. 20: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a top layer with a floating barrier between two liquid phasesin one of the tanks.

FIG. 21: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a top layer with a floating barrier between two liquid phasesin one of the tanks.

FIG. 22: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a bottom layer with a floating barrier between two liquidphases in one of the tanks.

FIG. 23: A thermal storage process with two liquid phases stored in onetank and another liquid phase stored in a separate tank and a warmliquid as a bottom layer with a floating barrier between two liquidphases in one of the tanks.

FIG. 24: A thermal storage process with three liquid phases stored inone tank a first warm liquid as a top layer, a second warm liquid as abottom layer, and a cold liquid as a middle layer, with a floatingbarrier at each interface.

FIG. 25: A thermal storage process with three liquid phases stored inone tank a first warm liquid as a top layer, a second warm liquid as abottom layer, and a cold liquid as a middle layer, with a floatingbarrier at each interface.

FIG. 26: A thermal storage process with three liquid phases stored inone tank a second warm liquid as a top layer, a first warm liquid as abottom layer, and a cold liquid as a middle layer, with a floatingbarrier at each interface.

FIG. 27: A thermal storage process with three liquid phases stored inone tank a second warm liquid as a top layer, a first warm liquid as abottom layer, and a cold liquid as a middle layer, with a floatingbarrier at each interface.

FIG. 28: An HVAC Chiller.

FIG. 29: An HVAC Chiller with liquid-liquid phase transfer heat transferliquid transfer heat between the thermal load side heat exchanger andthe evaporator side heat exchanger.

FIG. 30: An HVAC Chiller with liquid-liquid phase transfer heat transferliquid transfer heat between the thermal load side heat exchanger andthe evaporator side heat exchanger.

FIG. 31: A district heating system with a 35° C. temperature differencebetween heat supply and heat return.

FIG. 32: A district heating system with a liquid-liquid phasetransitioning heat transfer liquid with example temperatures.

FIG. 33: A district heating system with a liquid-liquid phasetransitioning heat transfer liquid.

FIG. 34: A district heating or cooling process with a liquid-liquidphase transition heat transfer medium transferring heat at a lowertemperature than the temperature of heat delivered by the heat transfermedium at the point of use with example temperatures.

FIG. 35: A district heating or cooling process with a liquid-liquidphase transitioning liquid with thermal transport independent oftemperature variation with lower temperature operation.

FIG. 36A: A district heating process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with heat transfer independent ofdistance and/or temperature of heat transfer medium during transfer. Thefigure shows the embodiment undergoing adiabatic heating.

FIG. 36B: A district heating process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with heat transfer independent ofdistance and/or temperature of heat transfer medium during transfer. Thefigure shows the embodiment providing heat to an application requiringheating.

FIG. 37A: A district cooling process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with heat transfer independent ofdistance and/or temperature of heat transfer medium during transfer. Thefigure shows the embodiment undergoing adiabatic cooling.

FIG. 37B: A district cooling process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with heat transfer independent ofdistance and/or temperature of heat transfer medium during transfer. Thefigure shows the embodiment cooling an application requiring heating.

FIG. 38A: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment undergoingadiabatic heating.

FIG. 38B: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment providing heatto an application requiring heating.

FIG. 38C: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage charging, storing heat.

FIG. 38D: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage discharging and Location #2 undergoing adiabatic heating.

FIG. 38E: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage discharging and providing heat to an application requiringheating.

FIG. 39A: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment undergoingadiabatic cooling.

FIG. 39B: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment providingcooling to an application requiring cooling.

FIG. 39C: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage charging, storing ‘cold’.

FIG. 39D: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage discharging and Location #2 undergoing adiabatic cooling.

FIG. 39E: A thermal storage process employing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium with thermal storage and/or heattransfer independent of distance and/or temperature of heat transfermedium during transfer. The figure shows the embodiment with thermalstorage discharging and providing cooling to an application requiringcooling.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Example Definitions

-   -   Overlapping: Overlapping phase transition or phase change may        comprise a phase transition or phase change which occurs at the        same temperature in at least a portion of the temperature range        of another phase transition or phase change.    -   Adjacent or Near: Adjacent temperature phase transition or phase        change may comprise a phase transition or phase change        temperature range which partially overlaps with the temperature        range of another phase transition or phase change and/or may        possess a phase transition or phase change temperature range at        least partially outside of the temperature range of the other        phase transition or phase change. Adjacent temperature phase        transition or phase change may comprise a phase transition or        phase change temperature range which is different from another        phase transition or phase change temperature range by greater        than or equal to or less than or a combination thereof, one or        more or a combination of the following: 0° C., or 0.5° C., or 1°        C., or 2° C., or 3° C., or 4° C., or 5° C., or 6° C., or 7° C.,        or 8° C., or 9° C., or 10° C., or 15° C., or 20° C.    -   Significantly Different from: A phase transition or phase change        which occurs at a significantly different temperature than        another phase transition or phase change may comprise a phase        transition or phase change temperature range which is different        from another phase transition or phase change temperature range        by greater than or equal to or less than or a combination        thereof, one or more or a combination of the following: 0.5° C.,        or 1° C., or 2° C., or 3° C., or 4° C., or 5° C., or 6° C., or        7° C., or 8° C., or 9° C., or 10° C., or 15° C., or 20° C.    -   Baseline Specific Heat Capacity: The specific heat capacity of a        material excluding enthalpies of phase change or enthalpies of        phase transition.    -   Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Liquid: A liquid which absorbs or        releases heat while remaining at a liquid phase in a manner        which deviates from said liquid's baseline specific heat        capacity. Alternatively or additionally, a liquid or mixture of        liquids which changes in number or composition or distributing        of liquid phases in response to changes in stimuli, such as        temperature, light, concentration, presence of one or more        chemicals, or electromagnetic properties.    -   Liquid Phase: A liquid state of a material.    -   Solid-Liquid Phase Change Material: A material which changes        from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a solid at a temperature        or temperature range. A material which absorbs or releases heat        in deviation from its baseline specific heat capacity in a        temperature range while transforming from a solid to a liquid,        or from a liquid to a solid.    -   Solid-Solid Phase Change Material or Solid-Solid Phase        Transition Material: A material which absorbs or releases heat        in deviation from its baseline specific heat capacity in a        temperature range while remaining at a solid phase.    -   UCST (upper critical solution temperature): A liquid-liquid        phase transition which involves an endothermic phase transition        when two liquid phases are mixed to form a single liquid phase        and/or an exothermic phase transition when a single liquid phase        transforms into a multi-liquid phase mixture.    -   LCST (lower critical solution temperature): A liquid-liquid        phase transition which involves an exothermic phase transition        when two liquid phases are mixed to form a single liquid phase        and/or an endothermic phase transition when a single liquid        phase transforms into a multi-liquid phase mixture.    -   Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Adjustment Reagent: A        reagent whose presence and/or concentration in a liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid influences one or more or a combination        of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid's properties.    -   Enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range: A        temperature range which a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        deviates from its baseline specific heat capacity.    -   Liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range: May refer to        visual or physical liquid-liquid phase transition temperature        range, for example, one which can be measured by particle        counting method. May refer to enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase        transition temperature range, which may refer to the temperature        range wherein heat is absorbed or released during a        liquid-liquid phase transition, which may be measured using        calorimetry. In some liquid-liquids, the temperature range of        the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may be the same        or different from the visual or physical liquid-liquid phase        transition temperature range. As used herein, if one or more        substances are said to be “below” a liquid-liquid phase        transition temperature range, then it should be understood that        the temperature of the one or more substances is below an upper        temperature limit of the liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature range and not necessarily below the entirety of the        range. That is, the temperature of the one or more substances        may be anywhere within the liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature range or may be below the lower limit of the        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In some cases        a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be described as        comprising two phases and when cooled below a liquid-liquid        phase transition temperature range it forms a liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid comprising one phase. As used herein,        that means at least a portion of the two phases forms one phase.        However, in some embodiments the entirety of the two phases may        form one phase.    -   As used herein, if one or more substances are said to be “above”        a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, then it        should be understood that the temperature of the one or more        substances is above a lower temperature limit of the        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range and not        necessarily above the entirety of the range. That is, the        temperature of the one or more substances may be anywhere within        the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range or may be        above the higher limit of the liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature range. In some cases a liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid may be described as comprising two phases and        when heated above a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature        range it forms a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        comprising one phase. As used herein, that means at least a        portion of the two phases forms one phase. However, in some        embodiments the entirety of the two phases may form one phase.    -   Non-Contiguously Separate Heat Exchanger: A heat exchanger which        heat exchanges two or more materials while ensuring said two or        more materials are physically separate or not in direct contact        during heat exchanging.    -   Adiabatic Temperature Change of the Enthalpy of a Liquid-Liquid        Phase Transition: The change in temperature of a liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid when undergoing a liquid-liquid phase        transition from beginning to completion, or within a desired        temperature range, or both when no heat is added or removed        during said liquid-liquid phase transition. In some instances,        an adiabatic temperature change of a liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid may be calculated by multiplying a        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid's baseline specific heat        capacity by its enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition.    -   Single liquid phase combined solution: Solution comprising at        least a portion a single liquid phase comprising the essential        reagents for a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.    -   Process Requiring Heating: May comprising a process which needs        to be heated, or a heat sink, or cooling source, or a cooling        system, or a heat removal process, or a combination thereof.    -   Process Requiring Cooling: May comprising a process which needs        to be cooled, or a heat source, or a heating system, or a        heating process, or a combination thereof.    -   Warm: A temperature higher than ‘cold’.    -   Cold or Cool: A temperature lower than ‘warm’.    -   Concentration: The mass or volume or a combination thereof        percentage in a material or mixture    -   Composition: The concentration and/or type of reagents in a        material or mixture    -   Adiabatic Temperature Rise or Adiabatic Temperature Fall: The        change in temperature of a phase transition or phase change or        reacting or a combination thereof material when undergoing a        phase transition or phase change from beginning to completion,        or within a desired temperature range, or both when no heat is        added or removed during said phase transition or phase change.        In some instances, an adiabatic temperature change of a material        may be calculated by multiplying a material's baseline specific        heat capacity by its enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition.    -   Mixing: “Mixing” as used herein includes both passive and active        mixing. That is, mixing may include simply allowing two or more        substances or liquids to mix without added energy.

Most applications employing heat transfer or thermal storage or both canbenefit from greater heat capacity or greater specific heat capacity.Improving heat capacity may increase energy efficiency, reduce requiredflow rates, reduce required mass, reduce required size, and/or makepreviously thermodynamically impossible processes possible. Inapplications where chilled water possesses insufficient coolingcapacity, slurries of ice and water are employed in the art to increaseeffective heat capacity. Ice-water slurries have several challenges andlimitations. Due to the challenges of ice-water slurries, applicationshave been limited to that where enhanced heat capacity is absolutelyrequired. Example applications where enhanced heat capacity areessential include, for example, organ cooling, cryosurgery, organtransplants, mine cooling, and thermal energy storage. Even inapplications where enhanced heat capacity is essential, the challengesand limitations of ice-water slurries have limited the potentialeffectiveness of these applications. For example, ice-water slurriesonly have enhanced heat capacity at the temperature of the freezingpoint of ice, or 0° C. In cryosurgery and organ cooling, for example,the freezing point of the ice can be too cold for the cryosurgery andorgan cooling and can lead to organ damage and uneven cooling. Incryosurgery and organ cooling, for example, the solid ice crystals inthe ice-water slurries can lead to organ damage and may limit itsapplicability. In thermal energy storage, for example, the ice can clumpand limit heat transfer efficiency. In thermal energy storage, forexample, ice-water slurries only have enhanced heat capacity at thetemperature of the freezing point of ice, or about 0° C., which canreduce COP or efficiency when 0° C. is below the required temperature ofan application, such as thermal storage. In mines and other applicationswhich may require long distance pumping, ice-water slurries can onlyhave a limited concentration of ice due to pumping challenges whichoccur at higher ice concentrations. There is a significant need forsolid-free liquids with heat capacity greater than water. There is alsoa significant need for slurries with even greater heat capacity, orbroader temperature ranges of enhanced heat capacity, or more flexibletemperature ranges of enhanced heat capacity, or a combination thereof.

High enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition liquids, which may be introduced herein, may act as areplacement for ice-water slurries. For example, non-toxic, biologicallysafe, high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquids may be employed in biological applications. In,for example, cryosurgery, organ cooling, and organ storage, non-toxic,biologically safe, high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid-liquid phase transition liquids may enable optimal temperaturecooling by matching the temperature range of the enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition with the optimal temperature forcryosurgery, organ cooling, or organ storage. In, for example,cryosurgery, organ cooling, cryopreservation, and organ storage,non-toxic, biologically safe, high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid-liquid phase transition liquids may enable more evenlydistributed cooling due to, for example superior flow characteristicsand control over the initiation of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. For example, in mine cooling, liquid-liquid phase transitionliquids may possess superior flow characteristics, better pumpability,increased energy efficiency, and greater heat capacity.

Due to the unprecedented properties and capabilities of high enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquids,new applications may be realized. For example, high enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquidsmay be employed as a replacement for water or chilled water in HVAC andprocess cooling or heating systems, which may increase efficiency, orreduce CAPEX, or reduce required size, or reduce required flow rates, orunleash new capabilities. For example, high enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquids may be employedinstead of or in addition to chilled water or ice or PCMs, which may,for example, increase energy density, reduce delta-T, increaseefficiency, increase longevity, enable custom design temperature ranges,adjustable or tunable temperature ranges, enable new storageconfigurations, enable new storage gradients, unleash new capabilities,or result in other benefits. For example, high enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquids may be employedinstead of or in addition to chilled water or antifreeze in electricvehicle cooling, or battery cooling, or charging cable cooling, orelectronics cooling, or a combination thereof. For example, highenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition liquids may be employed instead of or in addition torefrigerants, or chilled water, or antifreeze, or ice-water slurries, ora combination thereof in cold storage, or food cooling, or food storage,or cold chain, or thermal storage, or heating, or cooling, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquids may enable new capabilities in cooling orheating control and targeted cooling or heating. For example, aliquid-liquid phase transition composition may be transferred to anapplication as two or more separate liquid phases, which may benon-contiguously separate. Upon mixing the two or more separate liquidphases, an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may occur, whichmay absorb or release heat. Mixing may occur in a specific locationwhere cooling or heating may be required. Advantageously, the highenthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid mayremain at a liquid phase throughout an enthalpy of phase transition,which may enable applications where changes in physical state of matter(such as from solid to liquid or liquid to gas) may be problematic. Forexample, in some biological cooling applications, remaining at aconstant state of matter and/or density may be beneficial to, forexample, minimize potential damage to tissues or organs. In someembodiments, mixing of the two or more separate liquid phases may resultin the formation of a single liquid phase or less liquid phases. In someembodiments, mixing of the two or more separate liquid phases may resultin the formation of two or more liquid phases with different ratios ofreagents.

In some embodiments, solid-liquid phase change materials may be combinedwith high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transitionliquids. For example, high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquids may reduce or eliminate the concentration of orneed for ice in a heat transfer media or thermal storage media, inapplications, which may include, but are not limited to, for example,mine cooling, cold chain, or thermal storage. For example, ice—highenthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquids maypossess a greater total heat capacity compared to an ice-water slurry.For example, if the ratio of liquid to ice is the same, the heatcapacity of a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid mixed with ice will significantly exceed the heatcapacity of a water-ice slurry.

Below is a table comparing the required ice concentration to achieve acertain heat capacity in an ice—water mixture vs. an ice—high enthalpyof liquid-liquid phase transition liquid in a 0-15° C. temperaturerange. While the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid employed in thepresent application is not particularly critical and may vary dependingupon the desired application and other factors, the high enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid employed in the present example isreferred to as ‘EXAMPLE LIQUID’. EXAMPLE LIQUID has an enthalpy of phasetransition of about 33.62 kJ/kg solution occurring primarily between 5°C. to 15° C. As shown in the below table, significantly less ice orlower concentrations of ice may be required in ice—high enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid mixtures than in ice—watermixtures to achieve the same total heat capacity.

Compositions and Amounts to Achieve Each Total Heat Capacity in a 0°C.-15° C. Temperature Range EXAMPLE LIQUID or Ice + EXAMPLE Total HeatWater or Ice + LIQUID Slurry Capacity in Water Slurry EXAMPLE 0° C.-15°C. Ice Water Ice LIQUID 63 kJ/kg 0 kg 1 kg 0 kg 0.652 kg 96.62 kJ/kg0.101 kg 0.899 kg 0 kg 1 kg 129.71 kg/kg 0.2 kg 0.8 kg 0.099 kg 0.901 kg

Below is a table comparing the total heat capacity of ice—liquidslurries with the same concentration of ice in a 0-15° C. temperaturerange, specifically comparing ice-water slurries with ice—high enthalpyof liquid-liquid phase transition liquid slurries. The high enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid employed in the present example isreferred to as ‘EXAMPLE LIQUID and has an enthalpy of phase transitionof about 33.62 kJ/kg solution occurring primarily between 5° C. to 15°C. As shown in the below table, significantly greater total heatcapacity may be achieved with the same ice concentrations in an ice—highenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid slurries vs. ice—waterslurries. As shown in the below table, 10% ice in EXAMPLE LIQUID has thesame total heat capacity as 20% ice in water in the temperature range of0-15° C.

Total Heat Capacity (0-15° C.) Water vs. SolvCor Liquid #213 atDifferent Ice Concentrations Ice Concentration (wt %) Water EXAMPLELIQUID  0% 63 kJ/kg 96.62 kJ/kg 10% 96.39 kJ/kg 129.98 kJ/kg 20% 129.75kJ/kg 163.34 kJ/kg

In some embodiments, a solid-liquid phase change material may becombined with a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition to create a composition wherein the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change overlaps with the temperature range of theenthalpy phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition. Forexample, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid with an enthalpy ofphase transition in a certain temperature range may be mixed with asolid-liquid phase change material with a solid-liquid phase changewithin that temperature range. For example, in some embodiments, a solidliquid phase change material may comprise a different reagent orcomposition than the reagents or compositions comprising theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, wherein the temperature of saidsolid-liquid phase change is overlapping with the temperature range ofthe enthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition.For example, in some embodiments, a component of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid composition may possess a solid liquid phase change,wherein the temperature of said solid-liquid phase change is overlappingto the temperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of theliquid-liquid phase transition. There may be multiple benefits to acomposition which possesses a solid-liquid phase change and enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition in an overlapping temperature range. Saidbenefits may include, but are not limited to, one or more or acombination of the following:

-   -   For example, the heat capacity in the overlapping temperature        range may significantly exceed the heat capacity of a        solid-liquid phase change material slurry alone or a        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid alone.    -   For example, in applications, where the solid-liquid phase        change material concentration in a liquid slurry is limited, due        to, for example, clumping or pumping challenges, combining a        high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid with a solid-liquid phase change material with        overlapping enthalpies of phase transition may enable greater        heat capacity or specific heat capacity or both without        increasing the concentration of solid-liquid phase change        material.    -   For example, a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid combined with a solid-liquid phase        change material with overlapping temperatures of enthalpy of        phase transition may advantageously possess a redundancy. The        solid-liquid phase change and liquid-liquid phase transition may        possess independent or unrelated mechanisms by which their        enthalpies of phase transition occur. Said independent or        unrelated mechanisms may mean some phase transitions or phase        changes may occur under conditions which other phase transitions        or phase changes may not occur. For example, some phase        transitions or phase changes may be sensitive to other factors,        such as agitation, light, or sound, which may influence on phase        transition or phase change differently than another phase        transition or phase change. For example, some phase transitions        or phase changes may be capable of supercooling or superheating,        while some other phase transitions or phase changes may be less        capable of supercooling or superheating. For example, the phase        transition or phase change of one mechanism may facilitate the        phase transition or phase change of another mechanism, which        may, for example, prevent supercooling or superheating.    -   For example, one phase transition or phase change may facilitate        the initiation of another or separate phase transition or phase        change. For example, the occurrence of a liquid-liquid phase        transition may help facilitate the initiation or heat transfer        or both to enable a solid-liquid phase change. For example, the        occurrence of a solid-liquid phase change may help facilitate        the initiation or heat transfer or both to enable a        liquid-liquid phase transition. For example, solid-liquid phase        changes may enable liquid-liquid phase transitions to mix or may        function to facilitate mixing. For example, liquid-liquid phase        transitions may enable nucleation or mixing to facilitate a        solid-liquid phase change. For example, in environments without,        for example, significant external agitation, the initiation of        one phase transition or phase change may facilitate the        initiation of another phase transition or phase change.    -   For example, the ultra-high practical specific heat capacity may        enable greater heat transfer and greater energy density, which        may enable smaller or more efficient systems.    -   For example, the convective heat transfer of both the        liquid-liquid phase transition and solid-liquid phase change may        enhance heat transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer        properties.    -   For example, the latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase        transition and the solid-liquid phase change may enhance heat        transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer properties.    -   For example, a composition which possesses a solid-liquid phase        change and enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in an        overlapping temperature range may be employed to prevent a        process from operating below or above a certain temperature.

In some embodiments, a solid-liquid phase change material may becombined with a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to create a composition wherein the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change is near or adjacent to the temperature rangeof the enthalpy phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition.For example, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid with an enthalpy ofphase transition in a certain temperature range may be mixed with asolid-liquid phase change material with a solid-liquid phase changetemperature adjacent to said certain temperature range. For example, insome embodiments, a solid liquid phase change material may comprise adifferent reagent or composition than the reagents or compositionscomprising the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, wherein thetemperature of said solid-liquid phase change is adjacent to thetemperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of theliquid-liquid phase transition. For example, in some embodiments, acomponent of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition maypossess a solid liquid phase change, wherein the temperature of saidsolid-liquid phase change is adjacent to the temperature range of theenthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition.There may be multiple benefits to a composition which possesses asolid-liquid phase change and enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transitionin adjacent temperature ranges. Said benefits may include, but are notlimited to, one or more or a combination of the following:

-   -   For example, the total heat capacity in the temperature ranges        of the adjacent phase transitions and/or phase changes may        significantly exceed the heat capacity of a solid-liquid phase        change material slurry alone or a liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid alone.    -   For example, the temperature range of greater effective specific        heat capacity may be greater than that of a solid-liquid phase        change material alone, or solid-liquid phase change material        slurry alone, or a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid alone.    -   For example, in applications where the solid-liquid phase change        material concentration in a liquid slurry is limited, due to,        for example, clumping or pumping challenges, combining a high        enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid with a solid-liquid phase change material with adjacent        temperature enthalpies of phase transition may enable greater        heat capacity or specific heat capacity or both without        increasing the concentration of solid-liquid phase change        material.    -   For example, a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid combined with a solid-liquid phase        change material with adjacent temperatures of enthalpy of phase        transition may advantageously possess a redundancy. The        solid-liquid phase change and liquid-liquid phase transition may        possess independent or unrelated mechanisms by which their        enthalpies of phase transition occur. Said independent or        unrelated mechanisms may mean some phase transitions or phase        changes may occur under conditions which other phase transitions        or phase changes may not occur. For example, some phase        transitions or phase changes may be sensitive to other factors,        such as agitation, light, or sound, which may influence on phase        transition or phase change differently than another phase        transition or phase change. For example, some phase transitions        or phase changes may be capable of supercooling or superheating,        while some other phase transitions or phase changes may be less        capable of supercooling or superheating. For example, the phase        transition or phase change of one mechanism may facilitate the        phase transition or phase change of another mechanism, which        may, for example, prevent supercooling or superheating.    -   For example, one phase transition or phase change may facilitate        the initiation of another or separate phase transition or phase        change. For example, the occurrence of a liquid-liquid phase        transition may help facilitate the initiation or heat transfer        or both to enable a solid-liquid phase change. For example, the        occurrence of a solid-liquid phase change may help facilitate        the initiation or heat transfer or both to enable a        liquid-liquid phase transition. For example, solid-liquid phase        changes may enable liquid-liquid phase transitions to mix or may        function to facilitate mixing. For example, liquid-liquid phase        transitions may enable nucleation or mixing to facilitate a        solid-liquid phase change. For example, in environments without,        for example, significant external agitation, the initiation of        one phase transition or phase change may facilitate the        initiation of another phase transition or phase change.    -   For example, the ultra-high practical specific heat capacity may        enable greater heat transfer and greater energy density, which        may enable smaller or more efficient systems.    -   For example, the convective heat transfer of both the        liquid-liquid phase transition and solid-liquid phase change may        enhance heat transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer        properties.    -   For example, the latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase        transition and the solid-liquid phase change may enhance heat        transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer properties.    -   For example, a composition which possesses a solid-liquid phase        change and enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in an        adjacent temperature range may be employed to prevent a process        from operating below or above a certain temperature.    -   For example, may enable the creation of thermal storage systems        with greater temperature flexibility, or broader operating        temperature range, or both. For example, a thermal storage        system may store heat or ‘cool’ in the temperature range of a        liquid-liquid phase transition, which, in some embodiments, may        have an adjustable temperature range of enthalpy of phase        transition or a broad temperature range of an enthalpy of phase        transition or both. It is important to note thermal storage may        also refer to thermal storage media, which may include heat        transfer media and heat transfer applications.        -   If one of the applications for the thermal storage is ‘cold’            thermal storage and the enthalpy of phase transition            temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is            a higher temperature than the solid-liquid phase change            temperature, it may be more energy efficient for the thermal            storage process to store ‘cold’ in the temperature range of            the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of phase            transition, and, only when necessary or desirable, store            ‘cold’ in the temperature range of the solid-liquid phase            change. Even if a thermal storage stores in the temperature            range of the solid-liquid phase change, the ability to store            cold in the higher temperature range of the liquid-liquid            phase transition enthalpy of phase transition may increase            the energy efficiency or COP of a cooling system.        -   If one of the applications for the thermal storage is ‘cold’            thermal storage and the enthalpy of phase transition            temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is            a lower temperature than the solid-liquid phase change            temperature, it may be more energy efficient for the thermal            storage process to store in the temperature range of the            solid-liquid phase change, and, only when necessary or            desirable, store ‘cold’ in the temperature range of the            enthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase            transition. Even if a thermal storage stores in the ‘cold’            temperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of the            liquid-liquid phase transition, the ability to store cold in            the higher temperature range of the solid liquid phase            change may increase the energy efficiency or COP of a            cooling system.        -   If one of the applications for the thermal storage is ‘warm’            thermal storage and the enthalpy of phase transition            temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is            a lower temperature than the solid-liquid phase change            temperature, it may be more energy efficient for the thermal            storage process to store heat in the temperature range of            the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of phase            transition, and, only when necessary or desirable, store            heat in the temperature range of the solid-liquid phase            change. Even if a thermal storage stores in the temperature            range of the solid-liquid phase change, the ability to store            heat in the lower temperature range of the liquid-liquid            phase transition enthalpy of phase transition may increase            the energy efficiency or COP of a heating system.        -   If one of the applications for the thermal storage is ‘warm’            thermal storage and the enthalpy of phase transition            temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is            a higher temperature than the solid-liquid phase change            temperature, it may be more energy efficient for the thermal            storage process to store heat in the temperature range of            the solid-liquid phase change, and, only when necessary or            desirable, store heat in the temperature range of the            enthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase            transition. Even if a thermal storage stores in the            temperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of the            liquid-liquid phase transition, the ability to store heat in            the lower temperature range of the solid liquid phase change            may increase the energy efficiency or COP of a cooling            system.

In some embodiments, a thermal storage system comprising a high enthalpyof phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid and asolid-liquid phase change liquid may possess an adjustable enthalpy ofphase transition or phase change temperature. For example, the highenthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid maybe adjusted by, for example, adjusting the concentration or compositionof one or more reagents. For example, if the solid-liquid phase changematerial is insoluble in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid underat least some conditions, said solid-liquid phase change material may beseparated and/or removed and/or replaced with a solid-liquid phasechange material with a phase change temperature overlapping with oradjacent to the temperature of the enthalpy of phase transition of thehigh enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.Adjustments in phase transition or phase change temperature may be inresponse to changes in required design temperature, such as, forexample, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination ofthe following: changes in weather, changes in seasons, or changingprocess requirements.

In some embodiments, a solid-liquid phase change material may becombined with a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to create a composition wherein the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change is significantly different from thetemperature range of the enthalpy phase transition of the liquid-liquidphase transition. For example, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidwith an enthalpy of phase transition in a certain temperature range maybe mixed with a solid-liquid phase change material with a solid-liquidphase change temperature significantly different from said certaintemperature range. For example, in some embodiments, a solid-liquidphase change material may comprise a different reagent or compositionthan the reagents or compositions comprising the liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, wherein the temperature of said solid-liquid phasechange is significantly different from the temperature range of theenthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition. Forexample, in some embodiments, a component of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid composition may possess a solid-liquid phase change,wherein the temperature of said solid-liquid phase change issignificantly different from the temperature range of the enthalpy ofphase transition of the liquid-liquid phase transition. There may bemultiple benefits to a composition which possesses a solid-liquid phasechange and enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in adjacenttemperature ranges. Said benefits may include, but are not limited to,one or more or a combination of the following:

-   -   For example, the total heat capacity phase transitions and/or        phase changes may significantly exceed the heat capacity of a        solid-liquid phase change material slurry alone or a        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid alone.    -   For example, the temperature range of greater effective specific        heat capacity may be greater than that of a solid-liquid phase        change material alone, or solid-liquid phase change material        slurry alone, or a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid alone.    -   For example, in applications where the solid-liquid phase change        material concentration in a liquid slurry is limited, due to,        for example, clumping or pumping challenges, combining a high        enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid with a solid-liquid phase change material with        significantly different temperature enthalpies of phase        transition may enable greater heat capacity or specific heat        capacity or both without increasing the concentration of        solid-liquid phase change material.    -   For example, a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid combined with a solid-liquid phase        change material with significantly different temperatures of        enthalpy of phase transition may advantageously possess a        redundancy. The solid-liquid phase change and liquid-liquid        phase transition may possess independent or unrelated mechanisms        by which their enthalpies of phase transition occur. Said        independent or unrelated mechanisms may mean some phase        transitions or phase changes may occur under conditions which        other phase transitions or phase changes may not occur. For        example, some phase transitions or phase changes may be        sensitive to other factors, such as agitation, light, or sound,        which may influence on phase transition or phase change        differently than another phase transition or phase change. For        example, some phase transitions or phase changes may be capable        of supercooling or superheating, while some other phase        transitions or phase changes may be less capable of supercooling        or superheating. For example, the phase transition or phase        change of one mechanism may facilitate the phase transition or        phase change of another mechanism, which may, for example,        prevent supercooling or superheating.    -   For example, one phase transition or phase change may facilitate        the initiation of another or separate phase transition or phase        change. For example, the occurrence of a liquid-liquid phase        transition may help facilitate the initiation or heat transfer        or both to enable a solid-liquid phase change. For example, the        occurrence of a solid-liquid phase change may help facilitate        the initiation or heat transfer or both to enable a        liquid-liquid phase transition. For example, solid-liquid phase        changes may enable liquid-liquid phase transitions to mix or may        function to facilitate mixing. For example, liquid-liquid phase        transitions may enable nucleation or mixing to facilitate a        solid-liquid phase change. For example, in environments without,        for example, significant external agitation, the initiation of        one phase transition or phase change may facilitate the        initiation of another phase transition or phase change.    -   For example, the ultra-high practical specific heat capacity may        enable greater heat transfer and greater energy density, which        may enable smaller or more efficient systems.    -   For example, the convective heat transfer of both the        liquid-liquid phase transition and solid-liquid phase change may        enhance heat transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer        properties.    -   For example, the latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase        transition and the solid-liquid phase change may enhance heat        transfer coefficient or improve other heat transfer properties.    -   For example, a composition which possesses a solid-liquid phase        change and enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in        significantly different temperature ranges may be employed to        prevent a process from operating below or above a certain        temperature.    -   For example, may enable the creation of thermal storage systems        with greater temperature flexibility, or broader operating        temperature range, or both.    -   For example, may enable the creation of distinct and/or        redundant temperature boundaries for a process. For example, may        ensure or facilitate a process operation within certain        temperature range and/or may enable distinct temperature        boundaries with phase transition materials with        distinct/separate phase change properties or characteristics.        -   For example, lithium ion batteries operate best in an            optimal or desired temperature range, which is generally            from 5° C. to 45° C., although room temperature is generally            considered an ideal temperature for lithium ion batteries.            An example thermal storage system for a lithium ion battery            system may involve a high enthalpy of phase transition            liquid-liquid phase transition near 45° C. and a            solid-liquid phase change near 5° C. An example thermal            storage system for a lithium ion battery system may involve            a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase            transition near room temperature and a solid-liquid phase            change near 45° C. or near 5° C.

In some embodiments, a process may be designed to employ a heat transfermedium comprising both a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and a solid-liquid phase change material. Insome embodiments, a process may be designed to cool the heat transfermedium with two or more cooling sources or cooling processes or coolingsteps. For example, in some embodiments, a cooling source or a coolingprocess or cooling step may be employed to cool the heat transfer mediuma within an enthalpy of phase transition temperature range of the highenthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid andanother cooling source or cooling process or cooling step may beemployed to cool the heat transfer medium within a solid-liquid phasechange temperature.

-   -   For example, it may be desirable, for example, to employ        different or distinct cooling sources or cooling processes for        the high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid than the solid-liquid phase change, if, for        example, the phase transition and/or phase change temperatures        or temperature ranges are adjacent, or significantly different,        or both.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a high enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may possess an enthalpy of        phase transition at a higher temperature range than a        solid-liquid phase change. It may be desirable to cool in the        temperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of the        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid using a cooling source or        cooling process which is lower cost, or requires less electrical        energy, or less valuable energy, or a combination thereof, than        the cooling source or cooling process of the solid-liquid phase        change temperature range. For example, said cooling sources or        cooling processes with lower cost, or requiring less electrical        energy, or less valuable energy, or a combination thereof may        include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of        the following: higher coefficient of performance cooling, or        lower heat exchange delta-T cooling, or ocean water cooling, or        lake water cooling, or evaporative cooled water cooling, or deep        ocean water cooling, or air cooling. The present example may be        advantageous, for example, including, but not limited to, in        embodiments where the high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid has an enthalpy of phase transition        temperature range greater than 0° C. and the solid-liquid phase        change has a phase change temperature near 0° C.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a high enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may possess an enthalpy of        phase transition at a lower temperature range than a        solid-liquid phase change. It may be desirable to cool in the        temperature range of the solid-liquid phase change using a        cooling source or cooling process which is lower cost, or        requires less electrical energy, or less valuable energy, or a        combination thereof, than the cooling source or cooling process        of the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of phase        transition. For example, said cooling sources or cooling        processes with lower cost, or requiring less electrical energy,        or less valuable energy, or a combination thereof may include,        but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the        following: higher coefficient of performance cooling, or lower        heat exchange delta-T cooling, or ocean water cooling, or lake        water cooling, or evaporative cooled water cooling, or deep        ocean water cooling, or air cooling.    -   For example, different cooling sources or cooling processes or        cooling steps or a combination thereof may be employed for        cooling in the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of phase        transition temperature range than in the solid-liquid phase        change temperature range due to, for example, different        requirements or characteristics of cooling the heat transfer        medium during a liquid-liquid phase transition than during a        solid-liquid phase change. For example, during an enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition, it may be desirable for the heat        transfer medium to be mixing or, if there are multiple liquid        phases present, it may be desirable for the liquid phase to be        adequately dispersed within the heat transfer medium. For        example, an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may occur        with the heat transfer medium entirely at a liquid phase, which        may enable heat transfer in narrower channels, or tighter heat        exchangers, or may enable better pumpability or a combination        thereof. For example, a solid-liquid phase change may involve        the presence of solids in the heat transfer medium, which may        involve certain requirements to prevent clogging, or scaling, or        ensure appropriate particle size, or a combination thereof        during cooling.    -   For example, in the temperature range of a liquid-liquid phase        transition enthalpy of phase transition, the heat transfer        medium may be cooled with chilled water, and in the temperature        range of a solid-liquid phase change, the heat transfer medium        may be cooled with a vacuum chiller or a jacketed heat exchanger        or a direct contact heat exchanger or a combination thereof.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase        transition medium may be cooled by a cooling process or cooling        source, and then said liquid-liquid phase transition medium may        be contacted with or heat exchanged with a solid-liquid phase        change material, wherein the solid-liquid phase change material        at least partially undergoes a phase change. In some embodiments        a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be employed as a        heat transfer medium to facilitate the cooling or heating of a        solid-liquid phase change material.    -   For example, in some embodiments, the same cooling source or        cooling process may be employed for cooling in the temperature        ranges of the enthalpy of phase transition of the liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid and the temperature of the solid-liquid        phase change, however the cooling source or cooling process may        cool the heat transfer medium in two distinct steps which may be        optimized or designed for the requirements of the liquid-liquid        phase transition or solid-liquid phase change or both.

In some embodiments, a process may be designed to employ a heat transfermedium comprising both a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and a solid-liquid phase change material. Insome embodiments, a process may be designed to heat the heat transfermedium with two or more heat sources or heating processes or heatingsteps. For example, in some embodiments, a heat source or a heatingprocess or heating step may be employed to heat the heat transfer mediuma within an enthalpy of phase transition temperature range of the highenthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid andanother heating source or heating process may be employed to heat theheat transfer medium within a solid-liquid phase change temperature.

-   -   For example, it may be desirable, for example, to employ        different or distinct heating sources or heating processes or        heating steps for the high enthalpy of phase transition        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid than the solid-liquid        phase change material, if, for example, the phase transition        and/or phase change temperatures or temperature ranges are        adjacent, or significantly different, or both.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a high enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may possess an enthalpy of        phase transition at a lower temperature range than a        solid-liquid phase change. It may be desirable to heat in the        temperature range of the enthalpy of phase transition of the        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid using a heat source or        heating process or heating step which is lower cost, or requires        less electrical energy, or less valuable energy, or a        combination thereof, than the heat source or heating process or        heating step of the solid-liquid phase change temperature range.        For example, said heat source or heating process or heating step        with lower cost, or requiring less electrical energy, or less        valuable energy, or a combination thereof may include, but are        not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:        higher coefficient of performance heating, or lower heat        exchange delta-T heating, or waste heat, or air heating, or warm        water heating.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a high enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may possess an enthalpy of        phase transition at a higher temperature range than a        solid-liquid phase change material. It may be desirable to heat        in the temperature range of the solid-liquid phase change using        a heat source, or heating process, or heating step which is        lower cost, or requires less electrical energy, or less valuable        energy, or a combination thereof, than the heat source or        heating process or heating step of the liquid-liquid phase        transition enthalpy of phase transition. For example, said heat        sources or cooling processes or heating steps with lower cost,        or requiring less electrical energy, or less valuable energy, or        a combination thereof may include, but are not limited to, one        or more or a combination of the following: higher coefficient of        performance heating, or lower heat exchange delta-T heating, or        waste heat, or air heating, or warm water heating.    -   For example, different heat sources or heating processes or        heating steps or a combination thereof may be employed for        heating in the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of phase        transition temperature range than in the solid-liquid phase        change temperature range due to, for example, different        requirements or characteristics of heating the heat transfer        medium during a liquid-liquid phase transition than during a        solid-liquid phase change. For example, during an enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition, it may be desirable for the heat        transfer medium to be mixing or, if there are multiple liquid        phases present, it may be desirable for the liquid phase to be        adequately dispersed within the heat transfer medium. For        example, an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may occur        with the heat transfer medium at a liquid phase, which may        enable heat transfer in narrower channels, or tighter heat        exchangers, or may enable better pumpability or a combination        thereof. For example, a solid-liquid phase change may involve        the presence of solids in the heat transfer medium, which may        involve certain requirements to prevent clogging, or scaling, or        ensure appropriate particle size, or a combination thereof        during cooling.    -   For example, in the temperature range of a liquid-liquid phase        transition enthalpy of phase transition, the heat transfer        medium may be heated with a heat exchanger, and in the        temperature range of a solid-liquid phase change, the heat        transfer medium may be heated with steam or a direct contact        heat exchanger or a jacketed heat exchanger.    -   For example, in some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase        transition medium may be heated by a heat source, or heating        process, or heating step, and then said liquid-liquid phase        transition medium may be contacted with or heat exchanged with a        solid-liquid phase change material, wherein the solid-liquid        phase change material at least partially undergoes a phase        change. In some embodiments a liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid may be employed as a heat transfer medium to facilitate        the heating or cooling of a solid-liquid phase change material.    -   For example, in some embodiments, the same heat source, or        heating process, or heating step may be employed for heating in        the temperature ranges of the enthalpy of phase transition of        the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid and the temperature of        the solid-liquid phase change, however the heat source, or        heating process, or heating step may heat the heat transfer        medium in two distinct steps, which may be optimized or designed        for the requirements of the liquid-liquid phase transition or        solid-liquid phase change or both.

In some embodiments, a process may be designed to employ a heat transfermedium comprising both a high enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and a solid-liquid phase change material. Insome embodiments, the sources, or processes, or steps employed to heator cool the heat transfer medium may be the same for cooling or heatingin the temperature range of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition and the temperature of the solid-liquid phase change. In someembodiments, applicable heat transfer mediums may comprise overlappingphase transition and phase change temperature ranges, or adjacent phasetransition and phase change temperature ranges, or significantlydifferent phase transition and phase change temperature ranges. It maybe desirable for the sources, or processes, or steps employed to heat orcool the heat transfer medium to meet requirements of liquid-liquidphase transitions, solid-liquid phase changes, and handling solid-liquidslurries.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium or thermal storage medium orboth may comprise a solid-liquid phase change material combined with ahigh enthalpy of phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.In some embodiments, the solid-liquid phase change material may beinsoluble in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. For example, insome embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprisean aqueous composition and the solid-liquid phase change material may beinsoluble in water or in the aqueous composition or both. For example,the solid-liquid phase change material may comprise a paraffin orhydrophobic material. For example, in some embodiments, theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise a non-aqueouscomposition and the solid-liquid phase change material may be an ionicmaterial or an aqueous composition or insoluble in the non-aqueouscomposition or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer process may employ a heat transfermedium comprising a mixture of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidand a solid-liquid phase change material, wherein the solid-liquid phasechange material is insoluble in the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. In some embodiments, a process may be configured to add orremove at least a portion of the solid-liquid phase change material fromthe heat transfer medium. For example, at least a portion ofsolid-liquid phase change material may be added to the heat transfermedium. For example, at least a portion of solid-liquid phase changematerial may be added to the heat transfer medium when additional heatcapacity is required or desired in the temperature range of the phasechange of a solid-liquid phase change material or when processrequirements change to enable to presence of solid-liquid phase changematerial or the presence of greater concentrations of solid-liquid phasechange material or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thesolid-liquid phase change material may be added at a liquid phase, or ata solid phase, or both to the heat transfer medium. For example, atleast a portion of solid-liquid phase change material may be removedfrom a heat transfer medium. For example, at least a portion ofsolid-liquid phase change material may be removed from the heat transfermedium when additional heat capacity is no longer required or desired inthe temperature range of the phase change of a solid-liquid phase changematerial or when process requirements change to disincentivize thepresence of solid-liquid phase change material or the presence ofcertain concentrations of solid-liquid phase change material or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the solid-liquid phase changematerial may be removed at a liquid phase, or at a solid phase, or bothto the heat transfer medium.

For example, in some embodiments, at least a portion of a solid-liquidphase change material may be removed or changed or replaced orsubstituted or a combination thereof. For example, solid-liquid phasechange material may be removed or changed or replaced or substituted ora combination thereof to adjust the temperature ranges of enhanced heatcapacity in the heat transfer medium. For example, a solid-liquid phasechange material with a phase change at one temperature may be replacedwith a solid-liquid phase change material with a phase change at anothertemperature. For example, a solid-liquid phase change material with aphase change at 10° C. may be replaced with a solid-liquid phase changematerial with a phase change at 20° C. due to changes in system designtemperature or changes in conditions or changes in system requirementsor a combination thereof. It may be desirable for changes inconcentration or type of solid-liquid phase change material to bereversible. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for changes in thephase change temperature of a solid-liquid phase change material in aheat transfer medium to coincide with changes in the temperature of theenthalpy of phase transition of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidor vise versa. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for changes inthe phase change temperature of a solid-liquid phase change material ina heat transfer medium to be unrelated to changes in the temperature ofthe enthalpy of phase transition of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid or vise versa. In some embodiments, it may be desirable forchanges in the phase change temperature of a solid-liquid phase changematerial in a heat transfer medium and changes in the enthalpy of phasetransition temperature of a liquid-liquid phase change liquid to bedetermined by, for example, including, but not limited to, one or moreor a combination of the following: changes in process designrequirements, changes in process design requirements, changes in systemneeds, changes in conditions, an algorithm, desires, biases, systemconstraints, changes in system constraints, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, solid-liquid phase change material may be removedfrom at least a portion of a heat transfer medium to enable adjustmentsto a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. For example, theconcentration of one or more reagents in a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid may be adjusted to, for example, including, but notlimited to, one or more or a combination of the following: adjustliquid-liquid phase transition temperature, or adjust enthalpy of phasetransition temperature range, or adjust solubility, or adjust viscosity,or adjust longevity, or adjust compatibility. For example, adjusting theconcentration of one or more reagents in a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid may require a separations process, such as membranebased process, which may desirably operate without or with minimalpresence of solids or high viscosity fluids or both, to, for example,prevent or minimize clogging or scaling.

In some embodiments, separation of at least a portion of solid-liquidphase change material from a heat transfer media may be conducted withone or more or a combination of processes. For example, if at least aportion of the solid-liquid phase change material is at a solid phase, asolid-liquid separation device, such as a filter or rotary filter orcentrifuge or a combination thereof, may be employed. For example, if atleast a portion of the solid-liquid phase change material is at a liquidphase, it may be desirable to employ, including, but not limited to, oneor more or a combination of the following separations: liquid-liquidseparation, or separation using different properties, or separationusing density, or separation using decanting, or separation usingcentrifuge, or separation using hydrophilicity, or separation usinghydrophobicity, or separation using viscosity, or separation usingcooling, or separation using heating, or separation using electrostaticproperties, or separation using coalescer, or separation using adhesionproperties. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to for at least aportion of the components or composition of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, or one or two or more liquid phases of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a combination thereof to havea substantially different density than the density of an insoluble orpartially soluble or both solid-liquid phase change material.Substantially different density of two or more liquid phases maycomprise a density difference sufficient for at least one of said twomore liquid phases to be separated from another liquid phase or otherphases by a density-based separation process. For example, in someembodiments, the density of one or more liquid phases of a high enthalpyof phase transition liquid-liquid phase transition composition may begreater than or equal to 0.92 kg/L and the density of a solid-liquidphase change material may be less than or equal to 0.91 kg/L.

In some embodiments, separation or removal of a solid-liquid phasechange material from a heat transfer medium may be conducted by adifferent process than the process for adding solid-liquid phase changematerial to a heat transfer medium. In some embodiments, separation orremoval of a solid-liquid phase change material from a heat transfermedium may be conducted by the same or similar process to the processfor adding solid-liquid phase change material to a heat transfer medium.

In some embodiments, adding solid-liquid phase change material to a heattransfer medium may involve adding solid-liquid phase change material ata solid phase, or a liquid phase, or both.

-   -   For example, in some embodiments, adding solid-liquid phase        change material may involve adding solid-liquid phase change        material at a liquid phase. It may be desirable to add at a        liquid phase due to, including, but not limited to, easier        control, the ability to control the amount added, ability to add        without presence of air, easier transfer, easier storage,        prevention of clogging, better dispersibility, better control of        droplet or particle size, or a combination thereof.    -   For example, in some embodiments, adding solid-liquid phase        change material may involve adding solid-liquid phase change        material at a liquid phase. In some embodiments, processes of        adding solid-liquid phase change material may involve heating        solid-liquid phase change material to ensure it is at a liquid        phase before adding or transferring or both to the heat transfer        media. In some embodiments, adding solid-liquid phase change        material may involve heating a liquid phase solid-liquid phase        change material before adding to a heat transfer medium, to, for        example, reduce viscosity or increase dispersibility or both.    -   For example, in some embodiments, adding solid-liquid phase        change material to a heat transfer medium may involve dispersion        or facilitating dispersion. For example, it may be desirable for        a solid-liquid phase change material to be dispersed in a heat        transfer media to, for example, facilitate pump-ability, or        prevent clogging, or prevent scaling, or facilitate the        formation of particle suspension, or to facilitate the formation        of a colloidal system, or to facilitate the formation of a        colloidal suspension, or prevent aggregation of solid-liquid        phase change material, or a combination thereof. For example, it        may be desirable to add solid-liquid phase change material at a        liquid phase, or solid phase, or both at a desired particle size        or particle size range. For example, a process for adding        solid-liquid phase change material may add the solid-liquid        phase change material as a solid in a specific particle size or        size range. For example, a process for adding solid-liquid phase        change material may add the solid-liquid phase change material        at a liquid phase in a specific particle size or particle size        range, and the solid-liquid phase change material particles may        phase change into a solid phase particle in the heat transfer        medium or while in contact with the heat transfer medium. For        example, a process for adding solid-liquid phase change material        may add the solid-liquid phase change material as a liquid in a        specific particle or droplet size or size range, which may        remain a liquid phase in the heat transfer medium.

In some embodiments, heat transfer process or thermal storage process orboth may employ systems and/or methods to help ensure solid-liquid phasechange material may be adequately dispersed, or dispersed in desiredparticle or droplet size ranges or a combination thereof in the heattransfer media.

-   -   For example, a process may employ, including, but not limited        to, mixers, or baffles, or packing material, or dispersant        material, or dispersants, or spray devices, or perforated        devices, or turbulent devices, or electrostatic devices, or a        combination thereof.    -   For example, the addition of a solid-liquid phase change        material to a heat transfer medium may employ mixers, or        baffles, or packing material, or dispersant material, or        dispersants, or spray devices, or perforated devices, or        turbulent devices, or electrostatic devices, or a combination        thereof.    -   For example, a process may employ physical, or electrical, or        physio-chemical systems and/or methods of modifying the        zetapotential of one or more or a combination of components of a        heat transfer medium.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise reagents whichfacilitate solid-liquid phase change material dispersion, or help ensuresolid-liquid phase change material is dispersed in appropriate particleor droplet size ranges, or a combination thereof, which may include, butare not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:dispersants, or suspension chemicals, or stabilizing agents, orstabilizers, chemicals which facilitate a stable suspension, orsuspension stabilizer chemicals, or chemicals which facilitate an atleast partially stable suspension, or anti-agglomeration agents, orchemicals which facilitate the formation of colloidal particles, or acombination thereof. Systems and/or methods may be employed to monitorand/or adjust the concentration of reagents which facilitatesolid-liquid phase change material dispersion, or help ensuresolid-liquid phase change material is dispersed in appropriate particleor droplet size ranges, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, systems and/or methods for monitoring particlesize, or particle suspension stability, or a combination thereof may beemployed. For example, systems and/or methods for monitoring particlesize, or particle suspension stability, or a combination thereof mayinclude, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of thefollowing: light scattering methods, or particle count methods, orparticle counters, or Coulter counter, or particle size distributionmeasuring devices, or laser scattering techniques, or diffractiontechniques, or algorithms, or imaging systems, or viscositymeasurements, or pumping power measurements. In some embodiments, one ormore systems and/or methods for monitoring particle size, or particlesuspension stability, or a combination thereof may communicate with,including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of thefollowing: one or more systems and/or methods for adjusting orfacilitating particle dispersion or suspension, or adding or removingreagents, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more or all reagents ina heat transfer medium, or a heat transfer process, or thermal storageprocess, or a combination thereof may be adjustable.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise more than oneenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, it may be desirable to employ a different cooling source,or a cooling process, or cooling step in one enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range than in another or different enthalpyof liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, it may be desirable to employ the same cooling source, or acooling process, or cooling step in one enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range as another or different enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In some embodiments,it may be desirable to employ a different heat source, or a heatingprocess, or heating step in one enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range than in another or different enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In some embodiments,it may be desirable to employ the same heating source, or a heatingprocess, or heating step in one enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range as another or different enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise more than onesolid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, it may bedesirable to employ a different cooling source, or a cooling process, orcooling step in the phase change temperature range of one solid-liquidphase change material than in the phase change temperature range ofanother solid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, it maybe desirable to employ the same cooling source, or a cooling process, orcooling step in the phase change temperature range of one solid-liquidphase change material as the phase change temperature range of anothersolid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, it may bedesirable to employ a different heat source, or a heating process, orheating step in the phase change temperature range of one solid-liquidphase change material than in the phase change temperature range ofanother solid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, it maybe desirable to employ the same heat source, or a heating process, orheating step in the phase change temperature range of one solid-liquidphase change material as the phase change temperature range of anothersolid-liquid phase change material.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise two or moresolid-liquid phase change materials. For example, in some embodiments,one solid-liquid phase change material in the heat transfer medium maypossess a solid-liquid phase change temperature different than anothersolid-liquid phase change material in the heat transfer medium. Forexample, in some embodiments, one solid-liquid phase change material maybe soluble in a liquid phase of a heat transfer medium and anothersolid-liquid phase change material may be insoluble in a liquid phase ofa heat transfer medium. For example, in some embodiments, onesolid-liquid phase change material may comprise a reagent in aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and another solid-liquid phasechange material may be insoluble in at least one liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. For example, in some embodiments,one solid-liquid phase change material may comprise a reagent in aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and another solid-liquid phasechange material may be insoluble in a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. For example, a heat transfer medium may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid comprising at least a portion water and anothersolid-liquid phase change material which may be insoluble in water. Forexample, a heat transfer medium may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising at least a portion water and anothersolid-liquid phase change material which may be insoluble in water, suchas a paraffin material or hydrophobic material. For example, a heattransfer medium may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising at least a portion water, wherein water comprises a firstsolid-liquid phase change material, and a second solid-liquid phasechange material, which may be insoluble in water, such as a paraffinmaterial or hydrophobic material.

In some embodiments, a solid-liquid phase change material may be atleast partially removed from a heat transfer medium before or whenoperating in a solid-liquid phase change temperature of anothersolid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, a firstsolid-liquid phase change material may be at least partially removedfrom a heat transfer medium before or when operating in a solid-liquidphase change temperature of a second solid-liquid phase change material,when said second solid-liquid phase change material possesses asolid-liquid phase change temperature lower than the solid-liquid phasechange temperature of the first solid-liquid phase change material. Forexample, if a second solid-liquid phase change material possesses alower solid-liquid phase change temperature than a first solid-liquidphase change material, then at least a portion of said firstsolid-liquid phase change material may be removed from a heat transfermedium before or while a heat transfer medium is operating near or at orless than the solid-liquid phase change temperature of said firstsolid-liquid phase change material. For example, if a paraffin is afirst solid-liquid phase change material and water is a secondsolid-liquid phase change material, and said water possesses a lowersolid-liquid phase change temperature than said paraffin, then at leasta portion of said paraffin may be removed from a heat transfer mediumbefore or while a heat transfer medium is operating near or at or lessthan the solid-liquid phase change temperature of water. In someembodiments, more than one solid-liquid phase change material may besoluble in a liquid phase of a heat transfer medium. For example, ifboth a first and second solid-liquid phase change material is soluble ina liquid phase of a heat transfer medium, and said first solid-liquidphase change material possesses a greater solid-liquid phase changetemperature than said second solid-liquid phase change material, it maybe desirable to remove at least a portion of said first solid-liquidphase change material from a heat transfer media before or whileoperating in the solid-liquid phase change temperature of the secondsolid-liquid phase change. It may be desirable to at least partiallyremove one solid-liquid phase change material from a heat transfermedium before or while a heat transfer medium is operating in the phasechange temperature of another solid-liquid phase change material presentin the heat transfer medium to, for example, including, but not limitedto, one or more or a combination of the following: minimize theconcentration of solids in the heat transfer medium, or preventingclogging, or maximize pumpability, or reduce practical viscosity, orprevent undesirable or unintended agglomeration, or prevent undesirableor unintended aggregation, or maximize baseline specific heat capacity.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise a solid-solidphase transition material, or a liquid-liquid phase transition material,or a solid-liquid phase change material, or a combination thereof. Inembodiments employing a solid-solid phase transition material, it may bedesirable for the solid-solid phase transition material to be insolublein the liquid phase or liquid phases of a heat transfer medium. Inembodiments employing a solid-solid phase transition material, it may bedesirable for the solid-solid phase transition material to be insolublein the high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid-liquidphase transition liquid in the heat transfer medium. In some embodimentsemploying solid-solid phase transition material, it may be desirable forsaid solid-solid phase transition material to comprise colloidalpartials, or a suspension in a heat transfer medium. In some embodimentsemploying solid-solid phase transition material, it may be desirable fora process to be capable of separating or removing solid-solid phasetransition material, or adding or replacing solid-solid phase transitionmaterial, or a combination thereof to or from a heat transfer medium.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more reagents in a heattransfer medium may be adjusted by freezing at least a portion of onereagent and separating solid phase from the remaining liquid phase. Forexample, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise at least aportion of water. At least a portion of said water may be frozen andseparated, which may adjust the relative concentration of one or more ora combination of water and/or other reagents in a heat transfer medium.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise a thermalstorage medium in a thermal storage process.

In some embodiments, a solid-liquid phase change material may beinsoluble under certain conditions and may be soluble under certainother conditions. For example, water may comprise a solid-liquid phasechange material and water may be soluble in at least one liquid phase ofa liquid-liquid phase transition liquid in a heat transfer medium abovethe freezing point of water in said liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid, and water may be at least partially insoluble at or below thefreezing point of water in said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.

In some embodiments, a heat transfer medium may comprise a thermalstorage medium in a thermal storage process. In some embodiments, a heattransfer medium may comprise a thermal storage medium in a thermalstorage process and a heat transfer medium in a heat transfer process.

In some embodiments, a thermal storage reservoir may employ a heattransfer medium comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid and asolid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, a portion of aheat transfer medium may be employed for heat transfer and a portion ofa heat transfer medium may be employed for thermal storage. For example,heat transfer to and from a thermal storage reservoir may be conductedusing a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid component of the heattransfer medium, while the thermal storage reservoir may employ bothsolid-liquid phase change and/or liquid-liquid phase transitioncomponents of the heat transfer medium. For example, in someembodiments, a portion of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may beseparated from a portion solid-liquid phase change material before orwhile said portion of liquid-liquid phase transition liquid istransferred from the thermal storage for heat transfer to, for example,an application requiring cooling or heating, or a cooling source orheating source, or a combination thereof. Embodiments employing bothsolid-liquid phase change material and liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid in a thermal storage reservoir, while employing a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid for heat transfer, may benefit from the greaterenergy density or heat capacity provided by the presence of asolid-liquid phase change material in a heat transfer medium, without orwhile minimizing the potential challenges of the presence of solidsduring transfer to or from a thermal storage reservoir, such as,including, but not limited to, clogging in channels, pipes, or heatexchangers.

In some embodiments, a thermal storage reservoir may employ a heattransfer medium comprising a high enthalpy of phase transitionliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In some embodiments, for example,one liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may beemployed for heat transfer to and from the thermal storage reservoir,while a thermal storage reservoir may contain two or more or all liquidphases of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. It may be desirableto employ only one liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid for heat transfer to or from a thermal storage reservoir, due to,for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or a combinationof the following: one or more liquid phases possessing a high viscosity,or one or more liquid phases or reagents being incompatible or lesscompatible with a part outside of a thermal storage reservoir, orcompatibility, or one or more liquid phases possessing a superior heattransfer coefficient, or potential corrosion or degradation. A desiredliquid phase may be separated from other liquid phases in a heattransfer medium before or while transferring from a thermal storagereservoir by employing, for example, one or more or a combination ofliquid-liquid separation systems and/or methods described herein or oneor more or a combination of liquid-liquid separation systems and/ormethods in the art.

In some embodiments, a thermal storage reservoir may comprise aliquid-liquid phase change material, or a solid-liquid phase changematerial, or a liquid, or a solid-solid phase change material, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for heattransfer to and/or from a thermal storage reservoir to be conductedusing a fluid, such as a liquid or a gas or both. In some embodiments, afluid employed for heat transfer to and/or from a thermal storagereservoir may comprise a component of thermal storage medium employed ina thermal storage reservoir, and may comprise, for example, aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a component of a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid, or a liquid, or solid-liquid phase changematerial, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a fluid employed for heat transfer to and/or from athermal storage reservoir may comprise a fluid insoluble in one or moreor all reagents in a thermal storage medium. In some embodiments, afluid employed for heat transfer to and/or from a thermal storagereservoir may comprise a fluid insoluble in one or more or all reagentsin a thermal storage medium when the thermal storage reservoir orthermal storage medium or both is operating at or near or below thetemperature range of a solid-liquid phase change, a solid-solid phasechange, or both. For example, a fluid employed for heat transfer toand/or from a thermal storage reservoir may comprise a liquid or gas orboth which may be insoluble in one or more or all reagents in a thermalstorage medium, wherein said liquid is directly contacted with at leasta portion of said thermal storage medium, or heterogeneously mixed withat least a portion of said thermal storage medium, or a combinationthereof during heat transfer or heat exchanger. For example, said fluidmay comprise a gas-liquid phase transition fluid, which may cool athermal storage reservoir by entering the heat transfer reservoir as aliquid and boiling to form a gas and exiting as a gas, or may heat athermal storage reservoir by entering the heat transfer reservoir as agas and condensing to form a liquid and exiting gas a liquid, or acombination thereof. For example, said fluid may comprise a refrigerant,such as butane or fluorinated compound or both, and said solid-liquidphase change material may comprise water/ice and/or said thermal storagemedium may further comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.Said fluid may enable greater heat transfer rates at higher solidconcentrations in a thermal storage reservoir, which may enable greaterenergy density thermal storage, or more energy efficient thermalstorage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, liquid-liquid phase transition liquids may beemployed to generate solid-liquid phase changes. For example, in someembodiments, two or more non-contiguously separate liquid phases of aUCST liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be mixed at or below aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature and the resulting endothermicphase transition may facilitate the formation of a solid phase in asolid-liquid phase change. For example, in some embodiments, two or morenon-contiguously separate liquid phases of a UCST liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid may be mixed at or below a liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature and the resulting endothermic phase transitionmay result in the formation of ice. For example, in some embodiments,two or more non-contiguously separate liquid phases of a LCSTliquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be mixed at or below aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature and the resulting exothermicphase transition may facilitate the melting of a solid phase in asolid-liquid phase change. For example, in some embodiments, two or morenon-contiguously separate liquid phases of a LCST liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid may be mixed at or below a liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature and the resulting exothermic phase transition mayresult in the melting of at least a portion of ice. For example, in someembodiments, a composition comprising a phase transition temperatureadjustment may be mixed with a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid anda resulting endothermic phase transition may facilitate the formation ofa solid phase in a solid-liquid phase change. For example, in someembodiments, a composition comprising a phase transition temperatureadjustment may be mixed with a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid anda resulting endothermic phase transition may result in the formation ofice. For example, in some embodiments, a composition comprising a phasetransition temperature adjustment may be mixed with a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and a resulting exothermic phase transition mayfacilitate the melting of a solid phase in a solid-liquid phase change.

A phase transition temperature adjustment reagent may comprise a reagentwhich changes the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange, or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, or both. Insome embodiments, changes to the concentration of a phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent may influence the temperature range, orenthalpy, or both of a liquid-liquid phase transition. In someembodiments, the presence of or lack of presence of a phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent may dictate the formation of or absenceof a liquid-liquid phase transition or enthalpy of phase transition orboth. For example, in some embodiments, the introduction of or additionof or presence of a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent maytrigger the formation of an endothermic or exothermic liquid-liquidphase transition. In some embodiments, a phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent may comprise, including, but not limited to, one ormore or a combination of the following: a salt, or a sugar, or a sugaralcohol, or sugar substitute, or mannitol, or maltodextrin, or sucrose.In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the concentration of aphase transition temperature adjustment reagent to be adjustable using amembrane based process, or using distillation, or a combination thereof.

Some embodiments may involve a process for manufacturing or generatingice or another solid-liquid phase change by employing liquid-liquidphase transition liquids, or concentration adjustment processes orseparation processes, or phase transition temperature adjustmentreagents, or a combination thereof. For example, some embodiments mayinvolve making ice or ice-slurries by mixing liquid-liquid phasetransition liquids and/or phase transition temperature adjustmentreagents to generate an endothermic enthalpy of phase transition, whichmay result in the formation of ice. For example, in some embodiments, aprocess may involve a refrigeration cycle, which may involve forming anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition by adding a phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent to a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid, which may result in the formation of at least a portion of asolid in a solid-liquid phase change, and subsequently separating aphase transition temperature adjustment reagent to regenerate aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and restart the process. Forexample, in some embodiments, a process may involve a refrigerationcycle, which may involve mixing a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidwith a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent to form anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition and/or form at least aportion of a solid in a solid-liquid phase change; separating at least aportion of said solid; separating or removing at least a portion of saidphase transition temperature adjustment reagent from at least one liquidphase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid; and mixingliquid-liquid phase transition liquid phases, which may result in theformation of an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition, and/orcooling or heat exchanging said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid orliquid phases with a heat sink or a combination thereof. For example, insome embodiments, a process may involve a refrigeration cycle, which mayinvolve one or more or a combination of the following: mixing a two ormore liquid phases to form an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionand/or form at least a portion of a solid in a solid-liquid phasechange; adjusting the concentration of a reagent in one or more liquidphases; forming an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition and/orcooling or heat exchanging said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid orliquid phases with a heat sink or a combination thereof.

Some embodiments may involve a process for manufacturing or generatingice or another solid-liquid phase change by employing liquid-liquidphase transition liquids, or concentration adjustment processes orseparation processes, or phase transition temperature adjustmentreagents, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, liquid-liquidphase transition liquids may be employed in a liquid-liquid phasetransition refrigeration cycle to cool a solid-liquid phase changematerial at or below a solid-liquid phase change temperature or to format least a portion of a solid phase. For example, it may be advantageousto employ a liquid-liquid phase transition to facilitate the freezing orsolid-liquid phase change to form a solid or ice production due to, forexample, the ability to form a solid phase in a direct contact heatexchange or within the same solution as the liquid-liquid phasetransition or both. For example, it may be advantageous to employ aliquid-liquid phase transition to facilitate the freezing orsolid-liquid phase change to form a solid or ice production due to, forexample, the ability to form a solid phase without the need for anon-contiguously separated heat exchange or without a gas-liquid phasetransition or both.

In some embodiments, the exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition of aliquid-liquid phase transition refrigeration cycle may be cooled (e.g.heat sink) at a temperature near the freezing point of a solid-liquidphase change material and an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionmay be employed to cool the solid-liquid phase change material at orbelow its freezing point to facilitate the formation of at least aportion solid phase solid-liquid phase change material. A temperaturenear the freezing point of a solid-liquid phase change material may be atemperature within the adiabatic temperature change of an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition. In some embodiments, a solid-liquidphase change material may be a reagent within a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. In some embodiments, the exothermic liquid-liquidphase transition may be cooled to a temperature near the freezing pointof a solid-liquid phase change material using heat sink or coolingsource which may be low cost or may require less electricity or lessvaluable energy. For example, in some embodiments, the exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition may be cooled with cold ocean water,water from deep ocean, or cold lake water, or cold liquid water, orchilled water, or evaporatively cooled water, or air, or a combinationthereof, which may be at a temperature near the freezing point of waterin some embodiments where water may be the solid-liquid phase changematerial. In some embodiments, the exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition may be cooled to a temperature near the freezing point of asolid-liquid phase change material using a refrigeration cycle, whichmay include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of thefollowing: a vapor compression refrigeration cycle, or a solid-liquidphase change refrigeration cycle, or a gas-liquid phase changerefrigeration cycle, or an absorption refrigeration cycle, or athermoelectric device, or a Peltier device, or a liquid-liquid phasetransition refrigeration cycle. If desired, some of the embodimentsdescribed herein can produce ice or other solid-liquid phase change byformation within a solution and/or without a countercurrent heatexchanger and/or without a non-contiguously separate heat exchanger.

In some embodiments, the exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition of aliquid-liquid phase transition refrigeration cycle may be cooled (e.g.heat sink) at a temperature and an endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition may be employed to cool the solid-liquid phase changematerial at or below its freezing point to facilitate the formation ofat least a portion solid phase solid-liquid phase change material. Insome embodiments, the exothermic liquid-liquid phase change may becooled at a temperature which is different from the freezing pointtemperature of the solid-liquid phase change material by a temperaturedifference greater than the adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpyof a liquid-liquid phase transition. To enable the refrigeration cycleto move heat across a temperature difference greater than the adiabatictemperature change of the enthalpy of a liquid-liquid phase transition,a counter-current heat exchanger may be employed to create at least twotemperature zones. For example, one temperature zone may operate nearthe temperature of a heat sink and another temperature zone may operatenear the temperature of the solid-liquid phase change. In someembodiments, a ‘near’ temperature may be a temperature within theadiabatic temperature change of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. The present embodiment may be advantageous due to,including, but not limited to, the ability to produce ice or other solidsolid-liquid phase change material without gas phase refrigerants, orthe ability to produce ice or other solid solid-liquid phase changematerial with a working fluid which comprises at least a portion saidsolid-liquid phase change material, or a combination thereof. Ifdesired, embodiment is capable of having one non-contiguously separateheat exchanger.

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent may comprise a reagent in the liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid which possesses at least some influence over thetemperature range, or enthalpy, or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition. In some embodiments, a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature adjustment reagent may comprise a reagentin the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid wherein changing theconcentration of said reagent in the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid changes the temperature range, or enthalpy, or a combinationthereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition.

In some embodiments, the freezing point of a solid-liquid phase changematerial may be different when dissolved in a heat transfer medium thanas an isolated reagent. For example, if water is a solid-liquid phasechange material in an embodiment, the freezing point of liquid waterwhen said liquid water is dissolved in a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid may be different than the freezing point of pure liquid water.For example, if water is a solid-liquid phase change material in anembodiment, the freezing point of liquid water when said liquid water isdissolved in a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be a lowertemperature than the freezing point of pure liquid water due to, forexample, colligative properties.

In some embodiments, the freezing point of a solid-liquid phase changematerial may be practically the same when dissolved in a heat transfermedium than as an isolated reagent. For example, in some embodiments, aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise an emulsion orpossess emulsive properties, wherein the freezing point of asolid-liquid phase change material dissolved in said liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid phase possess a freezing point practically the same asthe freezing point of the solid-liquid phase change material as anisolated reagent.

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a phasetransition temperature adjustment reagent, or a combination thereof maybe mixed within a heat exchanger. Mixing within a heat exchanger orinitiating an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition within a heatexchanger or a combination thereof may be beneficial due to, forexample, including but not limited to, one or more or a combination ofthe following: latent heat in the enthalpy of phase transition improvingheat transfer properties, or latent heat in the enthalpy of phasetransition improving heat transfer coefficient, or ability to transferthe full latent heat of an enthalpy of phase transfer phase transition,or improved convective heat transfer properties from the formation ofnew or different liquid phases, or improved convective heat transferproperties from the motion of liquids during the formation of new liquidphases, or improved heat transfer coefficient.

Some embodiments may pertain to systems and methods for liquid-liquidphase transitioning thermal storage. Some embodiments of the presentinvention may possess the advantages of ice thermal storage and chilledwater thermal storage, without the disadvantageous of both technologies.

For example, some embodiments of the present invention may possesssignificantly greater energy density than chilled water. For example,some embodiments may possess an energy density, or a specific heatcapacity, or both of, including, but not limited to, one or more or acombination of the following: greater than 110% relative to water, orgreater than 120% relative to water, or greater than 130% relative towater, or greater than 140% relative to water, or greater than 150%relative to water, or greater than 160% relative to water, or greaterthan 170% relative to water, or greater than 180% relative to water, orgreater than 190% relative to water, or greater than 200% relative towater, or greater than 210% relative to water, or greater than 220%relative to water, or greater than 230% relative to water, or greaterthan 240% relative to water, or greater than 250% relative to water, orgreater than 300% relative to water, or greater than 400% relative towater, or greater than 500% relative to water, or greater than 600%relative to water. In some embodiments, greater energy density maytranslate into a smaller land footprint or volumetric footprint or massfootprint or a combination thereof for the same amount of thermalstorage capacity.

Advantageously, some embodiments may possess greater energy density, orpossess other beneficial properties, or possess a combination thereof.Other beneficial properties may include, but are not limited to, one ormore or a combination of the following:

-   -   The thermal storage medium may exist entirely at a liquid phase        at a relatively low viscosity.        -   By existing entirely at a liquid phase, the thermal storage            medium may be directly heat exchanged with an application            requiring cooling, eliminating the need for additional heat            exchangers and the associated approach temperatures.    -   Some liquid-liquid phase transition materials comprise over 70        wt % water        -   By comprising mostly water, liquid-liquid phase            transitioning liquids may continue to possess water's other            beneficial thermal properties, such as high thermal            conductivity and low cost    -   The liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or the        temperature range of an enthalpy of phase transition may be        adjusted to match the appropriate supply and return temperature        ranges.    -   In some embodiments, the thermal storage media may be cooled to        the same temperature as normally required by a chiller (4.4°        C.-5.6° C.)    -   In some embodiments, the thermal storage media may be cooled to        a higher supply temperature than ARI standard chilled water (for        example: greater than the 4.4° C., or greater than 5.6° C., or        greater than 6.6° C.), which may reduce energy consumption        required in chilling.    -   In some embodiments, the thermal storage media may be cooled to        a supply temperature below normal supply temperatures (for        example: less than 4.4° C.). This may be possible due to, for        example, some of the present embodiments generating a density        difference due to the difference in concentration of certain        reagents, or the difference in density of one or more liquid        phases in a liquid phase transition liquid, or a combination        thereof rather than, for example, due to changes in the density        of a liquid due to temperature. Cooling below 3.8° C. may        further increase energy density or operating temperature range        or both compared to prior art chilled water thermal storage.        -   It is important to note that prior art chilled water systems            cannot cool to less than 3.8° C. because water is most dense            at about 3.8° C. and the thermocline in prior art chilled            water systems is due to temperature induced density            differences.        -   Similar, equivalent, or better heat transfer properties,            such as thermal conductivity, compared to water    -   In some embodiments, the thermal storage media may be low cost    -   In some embodiments, the thermal storage media may be non-toxic        and/or low toxicity and/or non-volatile

Some embodiments may enable greater temperature/greater supplytemperature chilled water storage, while achieving the same thermalstorage energy density as a conventional chilled water system. Forexample, an example liquid-liquid phase transition solution may storeabout 35 kJ per kg of solution with an 8° C. supply temperature and12.8° C. return temperature, the same amount of energy stored in chilledwater with a 4.4° C. supply temperature and 12.8° C. return temperature.Advantageously, the greater supply temperature chilled water storage mayincrease the energy efficiency of a chiller or cooling process byreducing the temperature difference between heat sink and heat sourcethat needs to be generated by a chiller. For every 1° F. reduction inthe temperature difference between heat sink and heat source, the energyefficiency of a chiller may increase by about 2.08%. 8° C.−4.4° C.=3.6°C. or 6.48° F., thus the present embodiment in the preset example mayincrease the energy efficiency of a chiller employed in a thermalstorage system by 13.48%.

Some embodiments may involve a process for thermal storage employingliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids. An example embodiment maycomprise a storage tank with temperature layers. An example embodimentmay comprise a storage tank with different temperature layers, whereineach temperature layer possesses a different density because itcomprises a different composition, or concentration, or both. An exampleembodiment may comprise a storage tank with liquid layers possessingdifferent temperature, wherein the temperature layers are due to thedensity difference between the liquid phases because each liquid phasepossesses a difference composition, or concentration, or both, and thushas a different density. An example embodiment may comprise a storagetank with temperature stratification or a thermocline, wherein thetemperature stratification is due to the density difference due todifferences in composition, or concentration, or both of each liquidphase. In an example embodiment, a ‘charged’ or cold or supplytemperature liquid may comprise the middle layer, a greater density‘discharged’ or warm or return temperature liquid may comprise thebottom layer, and a lesser density ‘discharged’ or warm or returntemperature liquid may comprise the top layer. In some embodiments, said‘charged’ or cold or supply temperature liquid may comprise an LCSTliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid at a single liquid phasecombined solution state and may comprise an organic and water. In someembodiments, said greater density ‘discharged’ or warm or returntemperature liquid may comprise water or an aqueous phase comprisingmostly water. In some embodiments, said lesser density ‘discharged’ orwarm or return temperature liquid may comprise an organic or mostlyorganic liquid phase. The two or more layers may be separated inside asingle tank due to density differences. Alternatively or additionally,the two or more layers may be separate or non-contiguously separate by abarrier or floating barrier between the layers.

The present embodiment may utilize a liquid-liquid phase transition tocreate a more effectively thermally stratified or thermocline thermalstorage tank. Said more effective thermal stratification or thermoclinemay be driven by the density of the constituent liquids rather than, forexample, changes in density solely due to temperature. Said thermalstratification may be more effective in, including, but not limited to,one or more or a combination of the following of ways:

-   -   Greater density difference between liquid layers or liquid        layers of different temperatures or both, especially compared        to, for example, solely temperature driven thermoclines or        stratification.        -   In some embodiments, greater density difference between            liquid layers may enable a floating barrier between ‘more            dense’ and ‘less dense’ layers. Because the density            difference may be more defined and/or liquid layers may            exist with a defined liquid-liquid interface and/or liquid            layers may possess a defined density difference, a floating            barrier may be designed such that it is less dense than a            more dense layer and more dense than a less dense layer.            Said floating barrier may be located between one or more of            liquid-liquid interfaces or enable separation between liquid            phases, which may minimize contact and/or mixing between            liquid phases and/or minimizing, for example, thermal losses            or loss of enthalpy of phase transition.        -   In some embodiments, greater density difference between            liquid layers may enable a defined liquid-liquid interface            between liquid layers, such as cold and warm layers. Even            without a barrier or floating barrier, a defined            liquid-liquid interface and/or the associated surface            tension may minimize mixing between liquid phases and reduce            thermal losses compared to a solely temperature driven            thermocline. It also may reduce the number or cost of            thermocouples or other temperature devices located            throughout the tank        -   Layers may be mutually insoluble at the supply and return            temperature    -   In some embodiments, the density of different liquid layers may        be customizable, or adjustable, or a combination thereof.    -   The temperature layers and composition of temperature layers may        be customizable to, for example, the specific needs of an        application. For example, in some embodiments, the density of        layers and their associated temperature may be disconnected from        typical trends for thermocline. For example, in some        embodiments, a lesser temperature layer or the ‘colder’ layer        may be a top layer. For example, a colder layer may exist or be        stored at a temperature below 4° C. while maintaining a        controlled stratification or density difference between one or        more layers, or colder and warmer layers, or a combination        thereof.    -   Some embodiments may enable effective temperature stratification        to exist in smaller volume tanks because, for example,        including, but not limited to, one or more or a combination of        the following:        -   Density of liquid layers may be driven by compositional or            concentration related properties        -   Layers may be separated by a liquid-liquid interface        -   Layers may be separated by a floating barrier    -   The charge state of thermal storage be determined by the        location of a liquid-liquid interface or a floating barrier

In some embodiments, a floating barrier may comprise a solid. In someembodiments, a floating barrier may comprise a liquid. In someembodiments, a floating barrier may comprise a liquid which is insolubleor mostly insoluble in the liquid phases above and below said floatingbarrier.

Advantageously, there are multiple configurations or designs forachieving effective density stratification in a thermal storage deviceusing liquid-liquid phase transitions. For example, configurations mayinclude, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of thefollowing:

-   -   Combined Solution Top Layer—Water Liquid Phase Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            solution comprising a mixture of phase transitioning liquid            (for example: ‘concentrate’ or non-water component or            ‘organic’) and water aqueous layer. In a LCST liquid-liquid            phase transition system, said top layer solution may be the            ‘cold solution’ or ‘cold layer’, or, in a chiller or cooling            process, the ‘supply side’. In a UCST liquid-liquid phase            transition system, said top solution may be the ‘warm            solution’ or ‘warm layer’, or, in a chiller or cooling            process, the ‘return side’. The bottom layer may comprise            mostly water. The bottom layer may be more dense than the            top layer due to the density of water alone or due to the            density of additional high density reagents which may adhere            or remain dissolved in the water layer.        -   In, for example, a cooling thermal storage process with a            LCST phase transition, discharging cold thermal storage may            involve heat exchanging a portion of the cold combined            solution top layer (which may be considered ‘supply’) with a            load requiring cooling. During heat exchanging, said cold            thermal storage liquid may undergo a liquid-liquid phase            transition into two or more liquid phases. One or more of            said liquid phases may comprise mostly water, while one or            more of said liquids phases may comprise mostly non-water            reagents or organic reagents. The mostly water liquid phase            may be transferred to the main storage tank and may be            stored as the ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may comprise            the bottom layer. The non-water or organic liquid phase may            be stored in a separate storage tank.    -   Water Liquid Phase Top Layer—Combined Solution Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise mostly            water. The top layer may be less dense than the bottom layer            due to the density of water alone or due to the density of            additional low density reagents which may adhere or remain            dissolved in the water layer. The bottom layer may comprise            a solution comprising a mixture of phase transitioning            liquid (for example: ‘concentrate’ or non-water component or            ‘organic’) and water aqueous layer. In a LCST liquid-liquid            phase transition system, said bottom layer solution may be            the ‘cold solution’ or ‘cold layer’, or, in a chiller or            cooling process, the ‘supply side’. In a UCST liquid-liquid            phase transition system, said bottom solution may be the            ‘warm solution’ or ‘warm layer’, or, in a chiller or cooling            process, the ‘return side’.        -   In, for example, a cooling thermal storage process with a            LCST phase transition, discharging cold thermal storage may            involve heat exchanging a portion of the cold combined            solution bottom layer (which may be considered ‘supply’)            with a load requiring cooling. During heat exchanging, said            cold thermal storage liquid may undergo a liquid-liquid            phase transition into two or more liquid phases. One or more            of said liquid phases may comprise mostly water, while one            or more of said liquids phases may comprise mostly non-water            reagents or organic reagents. The mostly water liquid phase            may be transferred to the main storage tank and may be            stored as the ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may comprise            the top layer. The non-water reagents or organic liquid            phase may be stored in a separate storage tank.    -   Non-Water Concentrate Top Layer—Combined Solution Middle        Layer—Water Liquid Phase Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            liquid phase comprising mostly non-water reagents or organic            liquid phase. The middle layer may comprise a combination of            non-water reagent(s) and water. The bottom layer may            comprise a liquid phase comprising mostly water. In a LCST            version of the present embodiment, the middle layer may            comprise the ‘cold solution’ or, in a chiller or cold            storage, the ‘supply’, and the top layer and bottom layer            may comprise the ‘warm solution’ or, in a chiller or cold            storage, the return. In a UCST version of the present            embodiment, the middle layer may comprise the ‘warm            solution’ or, in a chiller or cold storage, the ‘return’,            and the top layer and bottom layer may comprise the ‘cold            solution’ or, in a chiller or cold storage, the ‘return’.        -   In, for example, a cooling thermal storage process with a            LCST phase transition, discharging cold thermal storage may            involve heat exchanging a portion of the cold combined            solution middle layer (which may be considered ‘supply’)            with a load requiring cooling. During heat exchanging, said            cold thermal storage liquid may undergo a liquid-liquid            phase transition into two or more liquid phases. One or more            of said liquid phases may comprise mostly water, while one            or more of said liquids phases may comprise mostly non-water            reagents or organic reagents. The mostly water liquid phase            may be transferred to the main storage tank and may be            stored as a ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may comprise the            bottom layer. The mostly non-water reagents or organic            liquid phase may be transferred to the main storage tank and            may be stored as a ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may            comprise the top layer.    -   Water Liquid Phase Top Layer—Combined Solution Middle        Layer—Non-Water Concentrate Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            liquid phase comprising mostly water. The middle layer may            comprise a combination of non-water reagent(s) and water.            The bottom layer may comprise a liquid phase comprising            mostly non-water reagents or organic liquid phase. In a LCST            version of the present embodiment, the middle layer may            comprise the ‘cold solution’ or, in a chiller or cold            storage, the ‘supply’, and the top layer and bottom layer            may comprise the ‘warm solution’ or, in a chiller or cold            storage, the return. In a UCST version of the present            embodiment, the middle layer may comprise the ‘warm            solution’ or, in a chiller or cold storage, the ‘return’,            and the top layer and bottom layer may comprise the ‘cold            solution’ or, in a chiller or cold storage, the ‘return’.        -   In, for example, a cooling thermal storage process with a            LCST phase transition, discharging cold thermal storage may            involve heat exchanging a portion of the cold combined            solution middle layer (which may be considered ‘supply’)            with a load requiring cooling. During heat exchanging, said            cold thermal storage liquid may undergo a liquid-liquid            phase transition into two or more liquid phases. One or more            of said liquid phases may comprise mostly water, while one            or more of said liquids phases may comprise mostly non-water            reagents or organic reagents. The mostly water liquid phase            may be transferred to the main storage tank and may be            stored as a ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may comprise the            top layer. The mostly non-water reagents or organic liquid            phase may be transferred to the main storage tank and may be            stored as a ‘warm’ or ‘return’ layer, which may comprise the            bottom layer.    -   Non-Water Concentrate Top Layer—Water Liquid Phase Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            liquid phase comprising mostly non-water reagents or organic            liquid phase. The bottom layer may comprise a liquid phase            comprising mostly water. Combined solution may be stored in            a separate tank or may be added to the presently described            tank.    -   Water Liquid Phase Top Layer—Non-Water Concentrate Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            liquid phase comprising mostly water. The bottom layer may            comprise a liquid phase comprising mostly non-water reagents            or organic liquid phase. In the present embodiment, combined            solution may be stored in a separate tank or may be added to            the presently described tank.    -   Non-Water Concentrate Top Layer—Combined Solution Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            liquid phase comprising mostly non-water reagents or organic            reagents. The bottom layer may comprise a combination of            non-water reagent(s) and water. In the present embodiment,            liquid phase comprising mostly water may be stored in a            separate tank or may be added to the presently described            tank.    -   Combined Solution Top Layer—Non-Water Concentrate Bottom Layer:        -   Example Brief Description: The top layer may comprise a            combination of non-water reagent(s) and water. The bottom            layer may comprise a liquid phase comprising mostly            non-water reagents or organic reagents. In the present            embodiment, liquid phase comprising mostly water may be            stored in a separate tank or may be added to the presently            described tank.

Note: Water may be provided as an example solvent liquid in aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition. Other solvent liquidsmay be employed instead of or in addition to water. For example, aliquid-liquid phase transition composition may employ a non-waterreagent as a solvent liquid, such as, for example, including, but notlimited to, ammonia, or alcohols, or organic solvents, or liquid sulfurdioxide, or liquid CO₂, or hydrophobic liquids, or hydrophilic liquids,or oils, or hydrocarbons or a combination thereof.

Advantageously, due to, for example, the density difference beingpotentially greater or more defined than the temperature driven densitydifference of water, the temperature layers may be separated by abarrier, which may include, but is not limited to, one or more or acombination of the following: submersed liner, or planar surface, ornon-similar liquid layer, or other barrier. Said barrier may be moredense than the less dense temperature layer and less dense than the moredense temperature layer, which may allow the barrier to float betweenthe two temperature layers. Said barrier may rise or fall in height asliquid is added or removed from the lower density or higher densitylayers. Said barrier or ‘floating barrier’ may be advantageous because,for example, it may reduce mixing between, for example, the cold thermalstorage layer and the warm thermal storage layer, which may reduceenergy losses during thermal storage.

Advantageously, because the density difference may be driven by theconstituent reagents of the liquid rather than the temperaturedifference, the ‘cold’ temperature may be as low as the freezing pointof a liquid while maintaining temperature stratification or thermocline.In chilled water based thermal storage, chilled water is most dense at4° C., and, as a result, the coldest the water can be cooled to is 4° C.because otherwise a thermocline with the coldest liquid on the bottomwould not exist. Advantageously, embodiments of the present inventionmay be possess even further greater energy storage capacity, in additionto the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition, by allowing thecolder liquid to be cooled to near the freezing point of a liquid, whilehaving minimal impact on the density difference between warmer andcolder layers. This may enable even greater cooling storage energydensity. For example, based on the baseline specific heat capacity ofEXAMPLE LIQUID, 4° K of additional heat capacity may comprise 16 kJ/kggreater total thermal storage energy density.

Its important to note liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid mayundergo a partial liquid-liquid phase transition after a heat exchange.It may be desirable to recirculate the liquid-liquid phase transitioningsolution over multiple passes. It may be desirable to recirculate theliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid over multiple passes through aheat exchange until the solution has reached the temperature where it issufficiently phase transitioned before, for example, separatingconstituent liquid phases.

Chilled Ice EXAMPLE Metric Water (100%) LIQUID Phase of Thermal StorageLiquid Liquid Liquid to to Solid Liquid-Liquid Energy Density of Thermal35 (with 152.2 60 (with Storage (kJ/kg) (Greater is 4.44° C. 4.44° C.Better) Supply Supply and 12.8° C. and 12.8° C. Return) Return) EnergyDensity of Thermal 35 (with 140 60 (with Storage (kJ/liter) (Greater is4.44° C. 4.44° C. Better) Supply Supply and 12.8° C. and 12.8° C.Return) Return) Energy Density of Thermal 20 N/A 35 Storage (kJ/liter)(with 8° C. Supply and 12.8° C. Return) Energy Density of Thermal NotPossible N/A 76 Storage (kJ/liter) (Greater is Better) (with 0° C.Supply and 12.8° C. Return) Volume of Unit Relative to  1 0.25 0.58Chilled Water (Lesser is Better) Chiller Energy Efficiency 5.0-5.9 (with2.5-4.1 5.0-5.9 (with (Coefficient of Performance, or 4.44° C. 4.44° C.COP) (Greater is Better) Supply Supply and 12.8° C. and 12.8° C. Return)Return) Chiller Energy Efficiency 5.0-5.9 (with 2.5-4.1 5.67-6.70 (with(Coefficient of Performance, or 4.44° C. 8° C. COP) (Greater is Better)Supply Supply and 12.8° C. and 12.8° C. Return) Return)

Some embodiments may involve, for example, an HVAC Chiller withliquid-liquid phase transfer heat transfer liquid transfer heat betweenthe thermal load side heat exchanger and the evaporator side heatexchanger. CAPEX may be reduced due to significantly lower liquid flowrate required to transfer the same amount of heat, which may enable, forexample, smaller pipe diameter, and/or smaller heat exchangers, and/orsmaller pumps.

Some embodiments may involve, for example, an HVAC Chiller withliquid-liquid phase transfer heat transfer liquid transfer heat betweenthe thermal load side heat exchanger and the evaporator side heatexchanger. Energy consumption of the refrigeration cycle/compressor maybe reduced by, for example, 8.3-15.400 due to, for example, smallerrequired temperature rise. A liquid-liquid phase transition liquid maybe retrofitted into a pre-existing HVAC chiller, such as, for example,substituting chilled water for a liquid-liquid phase transitioningliquid and/or may include various devices or methods described hereinfor facilitating said retrofit.

Some embodiments may involve, for example, a district heating systemwith a liquid-liquid phase transitioning heat transfer liquid. Heattransfer capacity may be increased by, for example, 3700, due toenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition, enabling larger capacity ofdistrict heating network or district heating network expansion. Mixingdevices may be employed in one or more sections with multi-liquid phasemixtures if desired.

Some embodiments may involve a district heating system with aliquid-liquid phase transitioning heat transfer liquid. In someembodiments, the temperature difference between heat supply and returnmay be reduced to, for example, 22° C. from, for example, 35° C., whiletransferring the same amount of heat as a water-based system with a 35°C. temperature difference. Supply temperature may also be reduced from80° C. to 67° C., enabling the use of lower temperature heat and lessheat transfer losses.

Some embodiments may involve a district heating or cooling process witha liquid-liquid phase transition heat transfer medium transferring heatat a lower temperature than the temperature of heat delivered by theheat transfer medium at the point of use. In some embodiments,liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids may be separated into theirtwo or more constituent liquid phases, which each liquid phasetransferred as a separate liquid stream. The separated liquid phases maybe transferred at a temperature, for example, 50° C., which may be lessthan the liquid-liquid phase transitioning temperature of theliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid which both liquid phases arecombined. When the separated liquid streams are mixed, the temperatureof the combined liquids may rise, for example, to 80° C. due to theenthalpy of dissolution/mixing, supplying heat at 80° C. at theapplications using the heat. By being able to transport highertemperature heat with a lower temperature liquid (for example: 50° C.liquid temperature during transport, while providing 80° C. at the pointof heat delivery), the present figure may be able to transport heat withsignificantly less heat transfer losses, enabling, for example, longerdistance district heating networks or district heating networks incolder climates or larger capacity district heating networks.

Some embodiments may involve a district heating or cooling process witha liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid with thermal transportindependent of temperature variation with lower temperature operation.In some embodiments, heat may be transferred in separated liquidstreams, each with a temperature of, for example, 20° C. When theseparated liquid streams are mixed, the temperature of the combinedliquid solution rises to 50° C. due to the enthalpy ofdissolution/mixing, supplying heat at a greater than temperature, forexample 50° C., at the applications using the heat. By being able totransport higher temperature heat with a lower temperature liquid (forexample: 50° C. heat with 20° C. liquid), the present figure may be ableto transport heat with significantly less heat transfer losses,enabling, for example, longer distance district heating networks, ordistrict heating networks in colder climates, or larger capacitydistrict heating networks, or a combination thereof.

Liquid-liquid phase transition heat transfer has the potential tosignificantly increase the heat transfer capacity of a district heatingor cooling network, or reduce the CAPEX of a district heating or coolingnetwork, or increase the efficiency of a district heating or coolingnetwork, or a combination thereof. Some embodiments may enableliquid-liquid phase transition heat transfer to transfer of heat or‘cold’ independent of temperature variation during thermal transport.Some embodiments may enable a district heating or ‘cooling’ network witha liquid-liquid phase transition liquid which has a phase transitiontemperature appreciably higher or lower than the operating temperatureof the district heating or ‘cooling’ network or the temperature oftransport of the heat transfer medium.

Some embodiments enable the phase transition of a liquid at atemperature significantly above the temperature in a district heatingnetwork or significantly below the temperature in a district coolingnetwork, while enabling the liquid to be transported in the districtheating or cooling network at the desired temperature range of thenetwork. This may enable, for example, significant heat to betransported in an enthalpy of phase transition without requiring thetemperature of the network to match the phase transition temperature ofthe liquid. Additionally, by operating at the temperature of thedistrict heating network, thermal losses to the surroundings may beminimized due to a smaller temperature difference between thetemperature of the network and the temperature of the outsidesurroundings compared to the temperature difference of the liquid-liquidphase transition temperature and the temperature of the outsidesurroundings.

In some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase transition may occur at atemperature above the boiling point of one or more components in thesolution. Some embodiments may enable the phase transition to occur in atemperature range above the boiling point of one or more components,while enabling the district heating network to transport the heat in atemperature range below the boiling point of one or more components orin a temperature range where the pipeline does not require pressureresistance or significant pressure resistance.

Some embodiments may enable the phase transition of a liquid at atemperature significantly above the temperature in a district heatingnetwork or significantly below the temperature in a district coolingnetwork, while enabling the liquid to be transported in the districtheating or cooling network at or near the temperature of the surroundingenvironment (for example: ambient temperature conditions). Saidembodiments may enable the transport of heat or cool with minimal or nothermal losses to the surrounding environment because, for example, thetemperature of the heat transfer liquids transferring heat is close tothe temperature of the surrounding environment (minimal or no delta Tbetween the temperature of the heat transfer liquid and the surroundingenvironment).

For example, in some embodiments, a ‘cold’ liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium comprising a single liquid phasemay be an input liquid to a heating process. Said input liquid may entera heat exchanger where it is heat exchanged with output liquids. Saidheat exchange may preheat said input liquid to, for example, atemperature near a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ofsaid input liquid. Said preheated input liquid may be heated to atemperature or near an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature. Said preheated input liquid may be further heated to atemperature at or above a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange or enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ora combination thereof, where the liquid may undergo an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition into a multi-liquid phase mixture. Forpurposes of this example, said endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition may form a multi-liquid phase mixture comprise two liquidphases. Said multi-liquid phase mixture may be separated using aliquid-liquid separation process into two non-contiguous liquid streams,wherein each liquid stream may comprise a liquid phase. Said twonon-contiguous liquid streams may be transferred out of the heatingprocess through a heat exchanger, where said two non-contiguous liquidstreams may comprise output liquids and wherein said output liquids heatexchange with said input liquid. Said output liquids may exit theheating process at a temperature near the temperature of the inputliquid. For example, said output liquids may exit the heating process ata temperature equal to the temperature of the input liquid plus thedelta T of the heat exchanger. Said output liquids may be mixed at anapplication requiring heating, wherein heat is supplied by, for example,the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. Alternatively, oradditionally, said output liquids may be stored in a thermal storagetank, wherein, for example said thermal storage may store heatindependent of temperature of the liquids. Said non-contiguous liquidsmay enter a counter current heat exchanger at an application requiringheating, wherein heat is supplied by, for example, the enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition, and/or, wherein the temperature of heatsupplied may be greater than the temperature of the output liquids plusthe adiabatic temperature change of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. In some embodiments, it may be important for said outputliquids to be non-contiguously separate liquid phases to prevent the twoliquid phases from mixing and/or undergoing an exothermic liquid-liquidphase transition during cooling or transfer to an application requiringheating.

For example, in some embodiments, a ‘warm’ liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid heat transfer medium comprising a single liquid phasemay be an input liquid to a cooling process. Said input liquid may entera heat exchanger where it is heat exchanged with output liquids. Saidheat exchange may precool said input liquid to, for example, atemperature near a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ofsaid input liquid. Said precooled input liquid may be cooled to atemperature or near an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature. Said precooled input liquid may be further cooled to atemperature at or below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange or enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ora combination thereof, where the liquid may undergo an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition into a multi-liquid phase mixture. Forpurposes of this example, said exothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionmay form a multi-liquid phase mixture comprise two liquid phases. Saidmulti-liquid phase mixture may be separated using a liquid-liquidseparation process into two non-contiguous liquid streams, wherein eachliquid stream may comprise a liquid phase. Said two non-contiguousliquid streams may be transferred out of the cooling process through aheat exchanger, where said two non-contiguous liquid streams maycomprise output liquids and wherein said output liquids heat exchangewith said input liquid. Said output liquids may exit the heating processat a temperature near the temperature of the input liquid. For example,said output liquids may exit the heating process at a temperature equalto the temperature of the input liquid minus the delta T of the heatexchanger. Said output liquids may be mixed at an application requiringcooling, wherein cooling is supplied by, for example, the enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition. Alternatively, or additionally, saidoutput liquids may be stored in a thermal storage tank, wherein, forexample said thermal storage may store ‘cool’ independent of temperatureof the liquids. Said non-contiguous liquids may enter a counter currentheat exchanger at an application requiring cooling, wherein cooling issupplied by, for example, the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition, and/or, wherein the temperature of cool supplied may be lessthan the temperature of the output liquids minus the adiabatictemperature change of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. Insome embodiments, it may be important for said output liquids to benon-contiguously separate liquid phases to prevent the two liquid phasesfrom mixing and/or undergoing an endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition during heating or transfer to an application requiringcooling.

In some embodiments, a district heating system may transfer aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising two liquidnon-contiguous liquid phases at a temperature below a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range, then, at an application requiringheating, mix the two liquid phases to generate an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and provide heat to an applicationrequiring heating at a temperature significantly greater than saidtransfer temperature. In some embodiments, adiabatic heating may becreated by a heat exchanging process, which may enable the temperatureof heat provided at an application requiring heating to be greater thanthe sum of the liquid transfer temperature plus the adiabatictemperature rise. For example, an example system may involve:

-   -   1. Heating a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising a        single liquid phase to a temperature at or above a liquid-liquid        phase transition temperature range to form an endothermic        liquid-liquid phase transition and a mixture comprising two        liquid phases.    -   2. Separating said two liquid phases using a liquid-liquid        separation process, forming two streams comprising two        non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   3. Heat-exchanging said two non-contiguous liquid phases with a        cool single liquid phase solution entering the heat source        location, which may cool said two non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   4. Transferring said cool two non-contiguous liquid phases from        a heat source location to the location of an application        requiring heating.    -   5. Heat-exchanging said cool two non-contiguous liquid phases        with a warm single liquid phase solution exiting the application        requiring heating location, which may pre-heat said two        non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   6. Mixing said pre-heated non-contiguous liquid phases to form        an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition, which may result        in a warm single liquid phase combined solution.    -   7. The following are the options for step 7:        -   a. Option A: If the temperature after mixing is less than            the desired temperature for the application requiring            heating, said warm single liquid phase combined solution may            bypass heat exchanging with an application requiring heating            to enable an adiabatic temperature increase until the            temperature of the liquid increases to the desired setpoint            temperature due to, for example, adiabatic heating.        -   b. Option B: If the temperature after mixing is less than            the desired temperature for the application requiring            heating, a portion of said warm single liquid phase combined            solution may heat exchange with an application requiring            heating, although if may be desirable for the application            requiring heating to remove less heat than the heat            generated by the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition.            By removing less heat than the heat generated by the            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition, at least a            portion of adiabatic heating may occur.        -   c. Option C: If the temperature after mixing is near or            equal to or greater than the desired temperature for the            application requiring heating, said warm single liquid phase            combined solution may heat exchange with an application            requiring heating, providing heat to said application            requiring heating.    -   8. Heat-exchanging the warm single liquid phase solution from        step 7 with said cool two non-contiguous liquid phases, which        may result in the formation of cool single liquid phase solution        exiting the application requiring heating location. The present        step may be the same as step 5, except from the perspective of        the warm single liquid phase solution exiting the application        requiring heating location.    -   9. Transferring said cool single liquid phase solution exiting        the application requiring heating location to the heat source        location.    -   10. Heat-exchanging said cool single liquid phase solution with        warm two non-contiguous liquid phases exiting a heat source        location, which may pre-heat said single liquid phase solution.        The present step may be the same as step 3, except from the        perspective of the cool single liquid phase solution entering        the heat source location.

In some embodiments, a district cooling system may transfer aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising two liquidnon-contiguous liquid phases at a temperature greater than aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, then, at anapplication requiring cooling, mix the two liquid phases to generate anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition and provide cooling to anapplication requiring cooling at a temperature significantly less thansaid transfer temperature. In some embodiments, adiabatic cooling may becreated by a heat exchanging process, which may enable the temperatureof cooling provided at an application requiring cooling to be greaterthan the difference of the liquid transfer temperature minus theadiabatic temperature fall. For example, an example system mayinvolve: 1. Cooling liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising asingle liquid phase to a temperature at or below a liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition and a mixture comprising two liquid phases.

-   -   2. Separating said two liquid phases using a liquid-liquid        separation process, forming two streams comprising two        non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   3. Heat-exchanging said two non-contiguous liquid phases with a        warm single liquid phase solution entering the cooling source        location, which may heat said two non-contiguous liquid phases,        forming warm two non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   4. Transferring said warm two non-contiguous liquid phases from        a cooling source location to the location of an application        requiring cooling.    -   5. Heat-exchanging said warm two non-contiguous liquid phases        with a cold single liquid phase solution exiting the application        requiring cooling location, which may pre-cool said two        non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   6. Mixing said pre-cooled non-contiguous liquid phases to form        an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition, which may result        in a cold single liquid phase combined solution.    -   7. The following are the options for step 7:        -   a. Option A: If the temperature after mixing is greater than            the desired temperature for the application requiring            cooling, said cold single liquid phase combined solution may            bypass heat exchanging with an application requiring cooling            to enable an adiabatic temperature decrease until the            temperature of the liquid decreases to the desired setpoint            temperature due to, for example, adiabatic cooling.        -   b. Option B: If the temperature after mixing is greater than            the desired temperature for the application requiring            cooling, a portion of said cold single liquid phase combined            solution may heat exchange with an application requiring            cooling, although if may be desirable for the application            requiring cooling to add less heat than the heat absorbed by            the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. By adding            less heat than the heat absorbed by the enthalpy of            liquid-liquid phase transition, at least a portion of            adiabatic cooling may occur.        -   c. Option C: If the temperature after mixing is near or            equal to or less than the desired temperature for the            application requiring cooling, said cold single liquid phase            combined solution may heat exchange with an application            requiring cooling, removing heat from said application            requiring cooling.    -   8. Heat-exchanging the cold single liquid phase solution from        step 7 with said warm two non-contiguous liquid phases, which        may result in the formation of warm single liquid phase solution        exiting the application requiring cooling location. The present        step may be the same as step 5, except from the perspective of        the cold single liquid phase solution exiting the application        requiring cooling location.    -   9. Transferring said warm single liquid phase solution exiting        the application requiring cooling location to the cold source        location.    -   10. Heat-exchanging said warm single liquid phase solution with        cold two non-contiguous liquid phases exiting a cold source        location, which may pre-cool said single liquid phase solution.        The present step may be the same as step 3, except from the        perspective of the warm single liquid phase solution entering        the heat source location.

In some embodiments, adiabatic heating may enable a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to provide heat to an application requiring heating ata temperature much greater than the temperature which the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is transferred to the application requiringheating. For example, in some embodiments, providing heat at atemperature much greater than the temperature which the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is transferred to the application requiringheating may involve a counter-current heat exchange process and aselective exothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition process. Aselective exothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition processmay involve forming an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition withoutremoving heat or while removing less heat than the enthalpy of aliquid-liquid phase transition or both. A selective exothermic adiabaticliquid-liquid phase transition process may involve allowing anexothermic liquid-liquid phase transition to increase the temperature ofa liquid-liquid phase liquid and allowing said liquid-liquid phaseliquid to exit a process through a counter-current heat exchanger at ahigher temperature than the immediately preceding liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid exiting the counter-current heat exchanger. Aselective exothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition processmay be considered ‘selective’ because, for example, the process mayadjust the portion of an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionundergoing a adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition depending onvarious factors, which may include, but are not limited to, temperaturerequirement of a process requiring heating, or temperature ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition, or heat exchange efficiency, or a combination thereof.

A counter-current heat exchange process may involve recovering at leasta portion of the specific heat, or heat, or heat capacity ofliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids entering and/or exiting anapplication requiring heating to enable the heat provided to applicationrequiring heating to be resulting from the enthalpy of a liquid-liquidphase transition. In some embodiments, a counter-current heat exchangeprocess may involve a counter-current heat exchange of two coldnon-contiguous liquid phases entering an application requiring heatingand a warm single liquid phase solution exiting an application requiringheating.

If the temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid exitingthe application requiring heating increases, the temperature of the twonon-contiguous liquid phases entering the application requiring heatingmay increase after counter-current heat exchanging by the sametemperature increase, which may result in a higher temperature providedto the application requiring heating if desired. The temperature of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid exiting the application requiringheating may be increased by an exothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phasetransition.

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprisingnon-contiguous liquid phases are mixed to form an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and/or are allowed to adiabaticallyincrease in temperature. In some embodiments, until a desiredtemperature is reached, minimal heat may be removed from the process, orthe process may be insulated, or a combination thereof to facilitate,for example, adiabatic heating.

If the adiabatic temperature rise of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition is greater than the heat transfer temperature difference in acounter current heat exchanger, the temperature of the liquid willcontinue to increase until one or more or a combination of the followingoccur:

-   -   The temperature of the mixed liquids reaches or approaches a        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a liquid; or    -   Heat is removed from the liquid is at a rate greater than the        rate of heat generated from the liquid-liquid phase transition        minus heat exchange losses and the heat exchanger temperature        difference.

In some embodiments, adiabatic cooling may enable a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to provide cooling to an application requiring coolingat a temperature much lower than the temperature which the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is transferred to the application requiringcooling. For example, in some embodiments, providing cooling at atemperature much lower than the temperature which the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is transferred to the application requiringcooling may involve a counter-current heat exchange process and aselective endothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition process.A selective endothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition processmay involve forming an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionwithout adding heat or while adding less heat than the enthalpy of aliquid-liquid phase transition or both. A selective endothermicadiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition process may involve allowing anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition to decrease the temperatureof a liquid-liquid phase liquid and allowing said liquid-liquid phaseliquid to exit a process through a counter-current heat exchanger at alower temperature than the immediately preceding liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid exiting the counter-current heat exchanger. Aselective endothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition processmay be considered ‘selective’ because, for example, the process mayadjust the portion of an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionundergoing an adiabatic liquid-liquid phase transition depending onvarious factors, which may include, but are not limited to, temperaturerequirement of a process requiring cooling, or temperature ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition, or heat exchange efficiency, or a combination thereof.

A counter-current heat exchange process may involve recovering at leasta portion of the specific heat, or heat, or heat capacity ofliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids entering and/or exiting anapplication requiring cooling to enable the cooling provided toapplication requiring cooling to be resulting from the enthalpy of aliquid-liquid phase transition. In some embodiments, a counter-currentheat exchange process may involve a counter-current heat exchange of twowarm non-contiguous liquid phases entering an application requiringcooling and a cold single liquid phase solution exiting an applicationrequiring cooling.

If the temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid exitingthe application requiring cooling decreases, the temperature of the twonon-contiguous liquid phases entering the application requiring coolingmay decrease after counter-current heat exchanging by the sametemperature decrease, which may result in a lower temperature providedto the application requiring cooling if desired. The temperature of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid exiting the application requiringcooling may be decreased by an endothermic adiabatic liquid-liquid phasetransition.

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprisingnon-contiguous liquid phases are mixed to form an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and/or are allowed to adiabaticallydecrease in temperature. In some embodiments, until a desiredtemperature is reached, minimal heat may be added to the process, or theprocess may be insulated, or a combination thereof to facilitate, forexample, adiabatic cooling.

If the adiabatic temperature fall of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition is greater than the heat transfer temperature difference in acounter current heat exchanger, the temperature of the liquid willcontinue to decrease until one or more or a combination of the followingoccur:

-   -   The temperature of the mixed liquids reaches or approaches a        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a liquid; or    -   Heat is added to the liquid at a rate greater than the rate of        heat absorbed by the liquid-liquid phase transition minus heat        exchange losses and the heat exchanger temperature difference.

In some embodiments and some compositions, a mixing device may bebeneficial to, for example, including, but not limited to, preventsolutions at a multi-liquid phase state from having one or more liquidphases undesirably accumulate or the liquid phases from undesirablyfully layering during heat transfer.

In some embodiments, a coating may be applied to a pipe, or otherequipment, or a combination thereof which ensures said pipe or otherequipment is compatible with at least one liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid.

Some embodiments may employ sensors to monitor the viscosity of a heattransfer medium.

Some embodiments may employ sensors or process for monitoring theconcentration of one or more reagents.

Some embodiments may employ sensors or process for monitoringdegradation of one or more or a combination of reagents.

Some embodiments may employ processes for monitoring, or adding, oradjusting, or a combination thereof alkalinity or reserve alkalinity ofa liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a heat transfer medium, or acombination thereof.

Some embodiments may employ processes for monitoring, or adding, oradjusting, or a combination thereof corrosion inhibitors, or degradationinhibitors, or oxygen scavengers, or a combination thereof in aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a heat transfer medium, or acombination thereof.

Some embodiments may involve a process to regenerate and/or recycle oneor more or a combination of reagents in a heat transfer medium. Forexample, a heat transfer medium may become contaminated, which mayresult in changes in liquid-liquid phase transitioning properties and/orsolid-liquid phase transition properties and/or other heat transferproperties, and/or compatibility. Contaminants may be separated orremoved. Alternatively or additionally, one or more or a combination ofreagents may be, at least in part, separated, purified, or treated, andthen combined in the appropriate ratios to form a desired liquid-liquidphase transitioning composition.

Some embodiments may relate to higher temperature thermal storage (forexample: greater than room temperature, for example, greater than 25°C., or greater than 30° C., greater than 40° C., or greater than 50° C.,or greater than 75° C., or greater than 100° C.). Some embodiments mayrelate to lower temperature thermal storage systems, both for cold orheat storage (for example: less than room temperature, for example, lessthan 25° C., or less than 15° C., or less than 10° C., or less than 5°C., or less than 0° C., or less than −5° C.).

Some embodiments may relate to thermal storage systems which exploitoutdoor temperature variation, for example, diurnal or periodictemperature variation or weather or climate driven temperaturevariation, to absorb/store or release heat to reduce energy consumption,increase energy efficiency of heat pumps or chillers or airconditioners, and reduce stress on energy infrastructure, such aselectricity grids or natural gas distribution networks.

Some embodiments may involve thermal storage which may act as anoptimized intermediary between the outdoor environment or outdoortemperatures and the thermal demands of a heat pump or an airconditioner or a chiller. For example, for air conditioners or chillers,the thermal storage may store ‘cold’ or reject heat to the outsideenvironment when the temperature of the outside environment is coolerthan the temperature of the thermal storage and/or when the outsideenvironment is appreciably colder than a calculated temperature based onweather predictions and patterns and/or when it is desirable based onone or more variables, such as weather forecasts, current and predicteddemands on energy infrastructure, cost of energy, or other factors. Forexample, for air conditioners or chillers, the thermal storage mayabsorb heat or provide cooling to an air conditioner or a chiller oranother thermal load when the temperature of the outside environment iswarmer than the temperature of the thermal storage and/or when theoutside environment is appreciably warmer than a calculated temperaturebased on weather predictions and patterns and/or when it is desirablebased on one or more variables, such as weather forecasts, current andpredicted demands on energy infrastructure, cost of energy, or otherfactors. For example, for heat pumps, the thermal storage may store heatfrom the outside environment when the temperature of the outsideenvironment is hotter than the temperature of the thermal storage and/orwhen the outside environment is appreciably hotter than a calculatedtemperature based on weather predictions and patterns and/or when it isdesirable based on one or more variables, such as weather forecasts,current and predicted demands on energy infrastructure, cost of energy,or other factors. For example, for heat pumps, the thermal storage mayrelease heat to a heat pump or another thermal load when the temperatureof the outside environment is colder than the temperature of the thermalstorage and/or when the outside environment is appreciably colder than acalculated temperature based on weather predictions and patterns and/orwhen it is desirable based on one or more variables, such as weatherforecasts, current and predicted demands on energy infrastructure, costof energy, or other factors. The presently described embodiments mayfunction as a less capital-intensive alternative to geothermal groundloops.

Some embodiments may involve or further comprise high energy densitythermal storage batteries which may employ the enthalpy of fusion ofwater into ice as a heat source to provide a significant low costrelatively warm energy source for heat pumps during subzero Celsiusweather and may provide a relatively inexpensive means to ensure heatpumps are universally more energy efficient, even in colder climates.

In some embodiments, thermal storage may act as a dispatchable source ofheating or cooling, wherein the heat or ‘cold’ being dispatched is at atemperature which can be readily utilized by an application requiringheating or an application requiring cooling and, if desired, may bereadily utilized without a further refrigeration cycle, chiller, or heatpump. For example, for cooling systems, the temperature released by thethermal storage may be at or below the desired temperature of theapplication requiring cooling. For example, for heating systems, thetemperature released by the thermal storage may be at or above thedesired temperature of the application requiring heating. The presentlydescribed type of embodiment may require operation of a cold source or achiller or a refrigeration cycle or a heater or a heat pump to generatethe desired temperatures during the charging of the thermal storagedevice. Charging or discharging may be conducted according to theoptimization of one or more variables. For example, to minimize energyconsumption, charging may be conducted when the temperature differencebetween the outdoor temperature and the desired thermal storagetemperature is relatively minimal (maximizing coefficient ofperformance) and discharging may be conducted when the temperaturedifference between the outdoor temperature and the desired thermalstorage temperature is relatively greater. For example, to minimizecosts or grid stress or prevent curtailment events, charging may beconducted when the cost of electricity or natural gas or other energysource is lesser or when there is excess electricity on the grid anddischarging may be conducted when the cost of electricity or natural gasor other energy source is greater or when the energy grid isconstrained.

Some embodiments may involve a mixing process which may operate evenwhen the heat transfer system is not operating to prevent an unevendistribution of liquid-liquid phase transition reagents in a heattransfer process, due to, for example, liquid-liquid separation andlayering.

Some embodiments may involve adjusting the phase transition temperatureof the liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid when an applicationrequiring cooling and/or heating switches from requiring cooling toheating, or from requiring heating to cooling, or changes operatingtemperature ranges, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, when an application requiring heat transfer is notin operation or is temporarily not in operation or is off or is at anoff state, a liquid-liquid phase transitioning heat transfer liquid maycontinue to be pumped or mixed periodically or continuously to, forexample, ensure a desired distribution of liquid-liquid phasetransitioning regents, for example, especially where a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid is at a multi-liquid phase state. Alternativelyor additionally, liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids may betemporarily removed from the heat transfer system and/or may betemporarily displaced with, for example air or nitrogen or inert gasand/or may be stored in a tank or a thermal storage tank. Saidtemporarily removed liquids may be stored in a storage vessel. Saidvessel may be periodically mixed or continuously mixed or mixed beforethe addition of liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid to a heattransfer application. Said mixing may be employed to ensure that an evendistribution of reagents or the desired distribution of reagents are inthe liquid-liquid phase transition heat transfer system or heat transferliquid. By ensuring the desired distribution of reagents in aliquid-liquid phase transitioning heat transfer liquid, the heattransfer liquid may perform optimally and achieve its necessary heattransfer performance, which may include, but is not limited to, forexample, one or more or a combination of the following: enthalpy ofphase transition, temperature range of phase transition, and viscosity.Alternatively or additionally, said storage vessel may be maintained ata temperature where the solution is a single liquid phase combinedsolution or at a state where one liquid phase is significantly greaterin mass or volume than other liquid phase(s). If desired, saidliquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid in said vessel may be returnedto said heat transferring system and may displace gases. Advantageously,said liquid-liquid phase transitioning heat transfer liquids may bereturned to the heat transfer system at a state wherein the reagents areevenly distributed or at a desired distribution, which may allow for amore seamless restart or return to operation.

Some embodiments may involve a process for pre-mixing, or pre-heating,or pre-cooling or a combination thereof a liquid-liquid phase transitionheat transfer liquid before or while adding or retrofitting orinstalling said liquid-liquid heat transfer liquid into an application.The presently described embodiments may be, for example, beneficial forHVAC technicians and/or other personnel or machines involved withinstalling or retrofitting or substituting in a liquid-liquid phasetransitioning liquid or other heat transfer medium described herein in aheat transfer system. The present device may be portable. The presentdevice may be modular. The present device may be internally or selfpowered, or externally powered, or a combination thereof. For example,the present device may be powered by, for example, including, but notlimited to, one or more or a combination of the following: electricityfrom on-board batteries, or electricity from an electrical grid, orpowered by compressed air, or powered by pneumatic means, or powered bya liquid fuel powered generator, or powered by a liquid fuel poweredengine, or powered by a combustion driven engine, or powered by areduction—oxidation reaction.

Data center cooling may employ higher temperature liquid-liquid phasetransitions and higher temperature evaporator side heat exchangerscompared to human occupied building HVAC air conditioning becausecomputers may operate effectively at higher temperatures and humiditythan human comfort levels. For example, some data centers operate withan air temperature 80-90 F, as some computers or servers can operateeffectively while being cooling at this temperature. Heat transfermediums may be engineered to possess a liquid-liquid phase transition,or solid-liquid phase transition, or both in the temperature rangeappropriate for data center cooling in applications involving datacenter cooling.

Some embodiments may involve cooling a liquid-liquid phase transitionheat transfer liquid to below the temperature range of a liquid-liquidphase transition before or while adding the heat transfer liquid to asystem. The present step or process may facilitate the installationprocess or retrofit process or manufacturing process by, for example,ensuring the proper composition is being added to the system and minimallosses of one or more reagents during transfer. For example, by addingthe liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid as a nearly fully mixed orfully homogenous composition or a composition with relatively evenlydistributed reagents, it may prevent the accumulation or separation ofrelatively viscous or dense reagents, if any.

Some embodiments may involve preheating a liquid-liquid phase transitionheat transfer liquid to above the temperature of a liquid-liquid phasetransition or solid-liquid phase transition or both before adding to asystem. The present step or process may facilitate a installationprocess or retrofit process or manufacturing process by, for example,ensuring the proper composition is being added to the system and minimallosses of one or more reagents during transfer. For example, by addingthe liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid as a nearly fully mixed orfully homogenous composition or a composition with relatively evenlydistributed reagents, it may prevent the accumulation of relativelyviscous or dense reagents, if any.

Some embodiments may involve premixing a liquid-liquid phase transitionheat transfer liquid to ensure the reagents/components are appropriatelydistributed. The presently described embodiments may be especiallyapplicable if the liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid is at amulti-liquid phase state. The present step or process may facilitate theinstallation process or retrofit process or manufacturing process by,for example, ensuring the proper composition is being added to thesystem and minimal losses of one or more reagents during transfer. Forexample, by installing a liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid as anearly fully mixed or fully homogenous composition or a composition withrelatively evenly distributed reagents, it may prevent the accumulationof relatively viscous or dense reagents, if any.

Some embodiments may involve heat exchanging or employing liquid-liquidphase transitioning liquids directly with or in for example including,but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: acondenser side, an evaporative cooling tower side, or air an cooled heatexchanger. In some embodiments, at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid heat transfer medium may be employed directly ina process comprising a vapor-gap membrane, or pervaporation membrane, ormembrane distillation membrane, or gas liquid contact membrane, or gasliquid contactor with separation or barrier to minimize non-water liquidlosses or losses of non-gaseous components, or a combination thereof.Some embodiments may allow water to evaporate from a liquid-liquid phasetransitioning liquid, which may facilitate cooling, without or withminimal or with less losses of non-volatile or less volatile orcomponents at a non-gaseous or liquid or solid state.

Some embodiments may employ processes for monitoring the concentrationof one or more reagents in a heat transfer medium and/or monitor the pHof a heat transfer medium.

EXAMPLE FIGURE KEYS

FIGS. 1A, 1B L-1 ‘Warm’ single liquid phase combined solution. Heat Aheat sink or heat source heat exchanger. In some embodiments, maycomprise Exchanger a heat exchanger with an application requiringcooling or a heat source. Heat #2 exchanger may be configured to mixliquid phases or conduct a liquid-liquid phase transition or both withinthe heat exchanger, which may result in more efficient heat transfer orhigher performing heat transfer. L-2 ‘Cold’ single liquid phase combinedsolution. LL-1 May comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture, which maycomprise a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent and a liquid-liquid phase transitioncomposition. May comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture produced from anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. LLS-1 A liquid-liquidseparation process. May comprise a process to separation a multi-liquidphase mixture into two or more non-contiguous liquid phases. May,involve, for example, including, but not limited to, density orcoalescing or a combination thereof based separation. May include, butis not limited to, one or more or a combination of liquid-liquidseparation systems and/or methods described herein or known in the art.L-3 May comprise a single liquid phase separated from a multi-liquidphase mixture by a liquid-liquid separation process. In someembodiments, may comprise a dilute solution comprising phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent. In some embodiments, may comprise adilute aqueous solution comprising phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent. P-1 A pump or a high pressure pump L-4 May comprisea single liquid phase separated from a multi-liquid phase mixture by aliquid-liquid separation process. In some embodiments, may comprise areagent or combination of reagents which may comprise at least a portionof a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition. In someembodiments, may comprise a mostly organic liquid phase, or mostlyionic-liquid liquid phase, or a combination thereof. L-5 May be the sameas L-3, although may be higher pressure. RO A phase transitiontemperature or enthalpy of phase transition temperature adjustmentprocess, or solubility adjustment process, or concentration adjustmentprocess. May comprise a separation process, which may be employed toadjust the concentration of a phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent and/or regenerate a liquid phase with a lower concentration ofphase transition temperature adjustment reagent. In some embodiments,may comprise a membrane-based process, such as reverse osmosis, ornanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or membrane distillation, or highpressure reverse osmosis, or high pressure nanofiltration, or organicsolvent nanofiltration, or a combination thereof. L-6 May comprise aretentate or concentrate solution resulting from a separation process.May comprise a concentrated phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent solution. In some embodiments, may comprise a concentratedsolution comprising phase transition temperature adjustment reagent. Insome embodiments, may comprise a concentrated aqueous solutioncomprising phase transition temperature adjustment reagent. L-7 Maycomprise a permeate solution resulting from a separation process. Maycomprise a liquid with lower, or significantly lower, or practically noconcentration of phase transition temperature adjustment reagentrelative to L-5. In some embodiments, may comprise aqueous solution orwater with lower, or significantly lower, or practically noconcentration of phase transition temperature adjustment reagentrelative to L-5. Heat A counter current heat exchanger. May heatexchange two non-contiguous liquid Exchanger phases with one singleliquid phase combined solution. May enable the #1 formation of two‘temperature zones’, which may enable a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid based system to operate with a temperature difference greaterthan an adiabatic temperature change of an enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition. L-8 May comprise a ‘warm’ liquid of the samecomposition of L-7, which may be at a higher temperature than L-7. Maycomprise L-7 after heat exchanging in a counter-current heat exchanger.L-9 May comprise a ‘warm’ liquid of the same composition of L-4, whichmay be at a higher temperature than L-4. May comprise L-4 after heatexchanging in a counter-current heat exchanger Heat A heat sink or heatsource heat exchanger. In some embodiments, may comprise Exchanger aheat exchanger with a heat sink or application requiring heating. Heat#3 exchanger may be configured to mix liquid phases or conduct aliquid-liquid phase transition or both within the heat exchanger, whichmay result in more efficient heat transfer or higher performing heattransfer. L-1 May comprise a single liquid combined solution. Maycomprise a single liquid phase combined solution, which may haveresulted from the mixing and/or heat exchange in Heat Exchanger #3. Maycomprise a single liquid phase combined solution which may have resultedfrom an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition from the mixing of L-8and L-9. Air Side An air handler heat exchanger or air heat exchangerwhich may heat exchange Heat air with a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. A liquid-liquid phase transition Exchanger liquid may undergo anenthalpy of phase transition within the air side heat exchanger. May beemployed to heat or cooled air. For example, in some embodiments, mayinvolve forming an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition within anair side heat exchanger, which may facilitate heat transfer. Heat Sink Aheat exchanger which may heat exchange a liquid-liquid phase transitionHeat liquid with a heat sink or application requiring heating. Aliquid-liquid phase Exchanger transition liquid may undergo an enthalpyof phase transition within the heat sink heat exchanger. For example, insome embodiments, may involve forming an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition within a heat sink heat exchanger, which may facilitate heattransfer.

FIG. 2A (same as FIG. 1, except the following) L-2 ‘Cold’ single liquidphase combined solution. May be transferred a relatively long distanceto between Location #2 and Location #1. L-7 May comprise a permeatesolution resulting from a separation process. May comprise a liquid withlower, or significantly lower, or practically no concentration of phasetransition temperature adjustment reagent relative to L-5. In someembodiments, may comprise aqueous solution or water with lower, orsignificantly lower, or practically no concentration of phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent relative to L-5. May be transferred arelatively long distance between Location #1 and Location #2. L-4 Maycomprise a single liquid phase separated from a multi-liquid phasemixture by a liquid-liquid separation process. In some embodiments, maycomprise a reagent or combination of reagents which may comprise atleast a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition.In some embodiments, may comprise a mostly organic liquid phase, ormostly ionic-liquid liquid phase, or a combination thereof. May betransferred a relatively long distance between Location #1 and Location#2. Location May comprise components relatively close to each other andrelatively far from #1 components in Location #2. Location May comprisecomponents relatively close to each other and relatively far from #2components in Location #1.

FIG. 2B (same as FIG. 1, except the following) L-1 May comprise a singleliquid combined solution. May comprise a single liquid phase combinedsolution, which may have resulted from the mixing and/or heat exchangein Heat Exchanger #3. May comprise a single liquid phase combinedsolution which may have resulted from an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition from the mixing of L-8 and L-9. May be transferred arelatively long distance to between Location #2 and Location #1. L-8 Maycomprise a ‘warm’ liquid of the same composition of L-7, which may be ata higher temperature than L-7. May comprise L-7 after heat exchanging ina counter-current heat exchanger. May be transferred a relatively longdistance between Location #1 and Location #2. L-9 May comprise a ‘warm’liquid of the same composition of L-7, which may be at a highertemperature than L-7. May comprise L-7 after heat exchanging in acounter-current heat exchanger. May be transferred a relatively longdistance between Location #1 and Location #2. Location May comprisecomponents relatively close to each other and relatively far from #1components in Location #2. Location May comprise components relativelyclose to each other and relatively far from #2 components in Location#1.

FIG. 3 L-1 Single liquid phase combined solution. May comprise singleliquid phase combined solution after an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition inside Heat Exchanger #3. May be transferred a relativelylong distance to between Location #1 and Location #2. Heat A heat sinkor heat source heat exchanger. In some embodiments, may compriseExchanger a heat exchanger with an application requiring cooling or aheat source. Heat #2 exchanger may be configured to mix liquid phases orconduct a liquid-liquid phase transition or both within the heatexchanger, which may result in more efficient heat transfer or higherperforming heat transfer. In some embodiments, an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition may occur in Heat Exchanger #2. HeatExchanger #2 may be located in Location #2. LL-1 May comprise amulti-liquid phase mixture, which may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature phase transition temperature adjustment reagentand a liquid-liquid phase transition composition. May comprise amulti-liquid phase mixture produced from an endothermic liquid-liquidphase transition. May be transferred a relatively long distance tobetween Location #2 and Location #1. LLS-1 A liquid-liquid separationprocess. May comprise a process to separation a multi-liquid phasemixture into two or more non-contiguous liquid phases. May, involve, forexample, including, but not limited to, density or coalescing or acombination thereof based separation. May include, but is not limitedto, one or more or a combination of liquid-liquid separation systemsand/or methods described herein or known in the art. L-2 May comprise asingle liquid phase separated from a multi-liquid phase mixture by aliquid-liquid separation process. In some embodiments, may comprise adilute solution comprising phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent. In some embodiments, may comprise a dilute aqueous solutioncomprising phase transition temperature adjustment reagent. P-1 A pumpor a high pressure pump L-3 May be the same as L-2, although may behigher pressure. L-4 May comprise a single liquid phase separated from amulti-liquid phase mixture by a liquid-liquid separation process. Insome embodiments, may comprise a reagent or combination of reagentswhich may comprise at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid composition. In some embodiments, may comprise amostly organic liquid phase, or mostly ionic-liquid liquid phase, or acombination thereof. RO A phase transition temperature or enthalpy ofphase transition temperature adjustment process, or solubilityadjustment process, or concentration adjustment process. May comprise aseparation process, which may be employed to adjust the concentration ofa phase transition temperature adjustment reagent and/or regenerate aliquid phase with a lower concentration of phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent. In some embodiments, may comprise a membrane-basedprocess, such as reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration,or membrane distillation, or high pressure reverse osmosis, or highpressure nanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or acombination thereof. L-5 May comprise a retentate or concentratesolution resulting from a separation process. May comprise aconcentrated phase transition temperature adjustment reagent solution.In some embodiments, may comprise a concentrated solution comprisingphase transition temperature adjustment reagent. In some embodiments,may comprise a concentrated aqueous solution comprising phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent. L-6 May comprise a permeate solutionresulting from a separation process. May comprise a liquid with lower,or significantly lower, or practically no concentration of phasetransition temperature adjustment reagent relative to L-3. In someembodiments, may comprise aqueous solution or water with lower, orsignificantly lower, or practically no concentration of phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent relative to L-3. Heat A heat sink or heatsource heat exchanger. In some embodiments, may comprise Exchanger aheat exchanger with a heat sink or application requiring heating. Heat#3 exchanger may be configured to mix liquid phases or conduct aliquid-liquid phase transition or both within the heat exchanger, whichmay result in more efficient heat transfer or higher performing heattransfer. In some embodiments, an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition may occur within Heat Exchanger #3. Location May comprisecomponents relatively close to each other and relatively far from #1components in Location #2. Location May comprise components relativelyclose to each other and relatively far from #2 components in Location#1.

FIG. 4 (Same as FIG. 3 Except the Following) L-4 Same as FIG. 3, exceptL-4 may be transferred a relatively long distance to between Location #1and Location #2. L-6 Same as FIG. 3, except L-6 may be transferred arelatively long distance to between Location #1 and Location #2. HeatSame as FIG. 3, except located in Location #2. Exchanger #3 Location Maycomprise components relatively close to each other and #1 relatively farfrom components in Location #2. Location May comprise componentsrelatively close to each other and #2 relatively far from components inLocation #1.

FIG. 5 LL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfer medium comprisinga liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May be at a temperature aboveat least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. May be at a temperature above a solid-liquid phase changetemperature. May comprise ‘warm’ return heat transfer medium. Maycomprise liquid-liquid phase transition liquid wherein one or morereagents in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid or dissolved inthe liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise a solid-liquidphase change material. Chiller A heat exchanger or process for coolingor removing heat from the heat transfer medium. In some embodiments, maybe configured to be compatible with liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid, solid-liquid phase change material, or a combination thereof.SL-1 A solid-liquid slurry. May comprise a heat transfer mediumcomprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid as a single liquidphase combined solution below at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range and a solid-liquid phase changematerial with at least a portion at a solid phase. Application A heatexchanger or process which may be cooled or have heat removed by theRequiring heat transfer medium. A heat exchanger or process which mayheat the heat Cooling transfer medium. May comprise an applicationrequiring cooling which may benefit from the greater heat capacityand/or other improved heat transfer properties of a heat transfer mediumpossessing both a liquid-liquid phase transition and a solid-liquidphase change.

FIG. 6A LL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfer mediumcomprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May be at atemperature above at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. May be at a temperature above a solid-liquid phasechange temperature. May comprise ‘warm’ return heat transfer medium. Maycomprise liquid-liquid phase transition liquid wherein one or morereagents in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid or dissolved inthe liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise a solid-liquidphase change material. Heat A heat exchanger or process for cooling aheat transfer medium to below at Exchanger least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range or an #1 enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In some embodiments,Heat Exchanger #1 may cool the heat transfer medium to a temperaturebelow at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange or an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature rangeand above a solid-liquid phase change temperature of a solid-liquidphase change material in the heat transfer medium. L-1 A heat transfermedium at a temperature below at least a portion of a liquid- liquidphase transition temperature range or an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range and above a solid-liquid phase changetemperature of a solid-liquid phase change material in the heat transfermedium. L-1 may be transferred between a heat exchanger or coolingprocess configured to cool liquid phase or a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid and a cooling process configured to form at least aportion of a solid phase in a solid-liquid phase change or form asolid - liquid slurry. Vacuum A process for produce a solid-liquidslurry from a liquid phase solution. In Ice Slurry some embodiments, anvacuum chiller or evaporation based chilled or Maker mechanical vaporcompression chiller may be employed to cool a liquid phase solution intoa solid-liquid phase mixture. For example, if one or more or acombination of reagents in a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidpossess a vapor pressure, a vacuum chiller may be employed to produce asolid-liquid phase slurry. For example, in some embodiments, aliquid-liquid phase transition medium may comprise at least a portionwater and a vacuum chiller may enable the formation of a solid-liquidmixture. May involve cooling a heat transfer medium at a temperaturebelow at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange or enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range toa temperature at or below a solid-liquid phase change temperature of,for example, a solid-liquid phase change material in a heat transfermedium. SL-1 A solid-liquid slurry. May comprise a heat transfer mediumcomprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid as a single liquidphase combined solution below at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range and a solid-liquid phase changematerial with at least a portion at a solid phase. Application A heatexchanger or process which may be cooled or have heat removed by theRequiring heat transfer medium. A heat exchanger or process which mayheat the heat Cooling transfer medium. May comprise an applicationrequiring cooling which may benefit from the greater heat capacityand/or other improved heat transfer properties of a heat transfer mediumpossessing both a liquid-liquid phase transition and a solid-liquidphase change.

FIG. 7 LL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfer medium comprisinga liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May comprise a heat transfermedium after at least a portion of solid-liquid phase change material isseparated following an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. Maycomprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid separated from asolid-liquid separation process. May comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid with at least one liquid phase comprising at least aportion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent. LLS-1 A liquid-liquid separation process, which may separate amulti-liquid phase mixture into two or more non-contiguous liquidphases. May, involve, for example, including, but not limited to,density or coalescing or a combination thereof based separation. Mayinclude, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination ofliquid-liquid separation systems and/or methods described herein orknown in the art. L-4 May comprise a single liquid phase separated froma multi-liquid phase mixture by a liquid-liquid separation process. Insome embodiments, may comprise a dilute solution comprising phasetransition temperature adjustment reagent. In some embodiments, maycomprise a dilute aqueous solution comprising phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent. L-5 May comprise a single liquid phaseseparated from a multi-liquid phase mixture by a liquid-liquidseparation process. In some embodiments, may comprise a reagent orcombination of reagents which may comprise at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition. In some embodiments,may comprise a mostly organic liquid phase, or mostly ionic-liquidliquid phase, or a combination thereof. P-1 A pump or a high pressurepump. L-6 May be the same as L-4, although may be higher pressure. RO Aphase transition temperature or enthalpy of phase transition temperatureadjustment process, or solubility adjustment process, or concentrationadjustment process. May comprise a separation process, which may beemployed to adjust the concentration of a phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent and/or regenerate a liquid phase with a lowerconcentration of phase transition temperature adjustment reagent. Insome embodiments, may comprise a membrane-based process, such as reverseosmosis, or nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or membranedistillation, or high pressure reverse osmosis, or high pressurenanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or a combinationthereof. L-7 May comprise a retentate or concentrate solution resultingfrom a separation process. May comprise a concentrated phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent solution. In some embodiments, maycomprise a concentrated solution comprising phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent. In some embodiments, may comprise a concentratedaqueous solution comprising phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent. L-8 May comprise a permeate solution resulting from aseparation process. May comprise a liquid with lower, or significantlylower, or practically no concentration of phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent relative to L- 6. In some embodiments, may compriseaqueous solution or water with lower, or significantly lower, orpractically no concentration of phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent relative to L-6. Heat A counter current heat exchanger. May heatexchange two non-contiguous Exchanger liquid phases with one singleliquid phase combined solution. May enable the #1 formation of two‘temperature zones’, which may enable a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid based system to operate with a temperature difference greaterthan an adiabatic temperature change of an enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition. L-9 May comprise a ‘warm’ liquid of the samecomposition of L-8, which may be at a higher temperature than L-8. Maycomprise L-8 after heat exchanging in a counter-current heat exchanger.L-10 May comprise a ‘warm’ liquid of the same composition of L-5, whichmay be at a higher temperature than L-5. May comprise L-5 after heatexchanging in a counter-current heat exchanger Heat A heat sink or heatsource heat exchanger. In some embodiments, may Exchanger comprise aheat exchanger with a heat sink or application requiring heating. #2Heat exchanger may be configured to mix liquid phases or conduct aliquid- liquid phase transition or both within the heat exchanger, whichmay result in more efficient heat transfer or higher performing heattransfer. L-1 May comprise a single liquid combined solution. Maycomprise a single liquid phase combined solution, which may haveresulted from the mixing and/or heat exchange in Heat Exchanger #2. Maycomprise a single liquid phase combined solution which may have resultedfrom an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition from the mixing of L-9and L-10. V-1 A valve or inlet or mixing channel or a combinationthereof. May represent water, or other solid-liquid phase changematerial, being added to, for example, makeup water or othersolid-liquid phase change material removed in other parts of theprocess. May represent liquid water or liquid solid-liquid phase changematerial being added to the process or heat transfer medium. L-11 Maycomprise water or other solid-liquid phase change material added to theprocess or added to the heat transfer medium or both. May comprise anamount of water or other solid-liquid phase change material equal to theamount of water or other solid-liquid phase change material removed fromthe process or heat transfer medium. In some embodiments, may comprisemelted solid-liquid phase change material or ‘warm’ return solid-liquidphase change material. L-2 Heat transfer medium after the addition ofwater or other solid-liquid phase change material. L-3 May comprise thesame composition as L-2, except at a lower temperature. May betransferred between a counter current heat exchanger and an endothermicmixing process. Mix #1 A process for mixing a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to form an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition.The process may be configured such that the temperatures of the inputcomponents are at a temperature near the freezing point of asolid-liquid phase change material. In some embodiments, may involvefacilitating or forming a solid phase or a solid-liquid slurry. In someembodiments, may involve mixing a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidwith a phase transition temperature adjusting reagent, which may resultin the formation of an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. SLL-1A mixture of a solid phase and a multi-liquid phase mixture in asolid-liquid slurry or a solid-liquid-liquid slurry. May comprise atleast a portion a solid phase. F-1 A solid-liquid separation process.May comprise, including, but not limited to, a centrifuge, or filter, orsolid-liquid separation process known in the art, or a combinationthereof. S-1 A separated solid phase. May comprise solid phase of asolid-liquid phase change material produced by an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and/ or separated from a liquid-liquidphase change liquid. In some embodiments, may comprise a separated orconcentrated solid-liquid slurry.

FIG. 8 LL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfer medium comprisinga liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May comprise a heat transfermedium after at least a portion of solid-liquid phase change material isseparated following an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. Maycomprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid separated from asolid-liquid separation process. May comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid with at least one liquid phase comprising at least aportion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent. V-1 A valve or inlet or mixing channel or a combinationthereof. May represent water, or other solid-liquid phase changematerial, being added to, for example, makeup water or othersolid-liquid phase change material removed in other parts of theprocess. May represent liquid water or liquid solid-liquid phase changematerial being added to the process or heat transfer medium. L-7 Maycomprise water or other solid-liquid phase change material added to theprocess or added to the heat transfer medium or both. May comprise anamount of water or other solid-liquid phase change material equal to theamount of water or other solid-liquid phase change material removed fromthe process or heat transfer medium. In some embodiments, may comprisemelted solid-liquid phase change material or ‘warm’ return solid-liquidphase change material. LL-2 A multi-liquid phase mixture after theaddition of water or other solid-liquid phase change material. LLS-1 Aliquid-liquid separation process, which may separate a multi-liquidphase mixture into two or more non-contiguous liquid phases. May,involve, for example, including, but not limited to, density orcoalescing or a combination thereof based separation. May include, butis not limited to, one or more or a combination of liquid-liquidseparation systems and/or methods described herein or known in the art.L-2 May comprise a single liquid phase separated from a multi-liquidphase mixture by a liquid-liquid separation process. In someembodiments, may comprise a dilute solution comprising phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent. In some embodiments, may comprise adilute aqueous solution comprising phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent. P-1 A pump or a high pressure pump. L-4 May be thesame as L-2, although may be higher pressure. L-3 May comprise a singleliquid phase separated from a multi-liquid phase mixture by aliquid-liquid separation process. In some embodiments, may comprise areagent or combination of reagents which may comprise at least a portionof a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid composition. In someembodiments, may comprise a mostly organic liquid phase, or mostlyionic-liquid liquid phase, or a combination thereof. RO A phasetransition temperature or enthalpy of phase transition temperatureadjustment process, or solubility adjustment process, or concentrationadjustment process. May comprise a separation process, which may beemployed to adjust the concentration of a phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent and/or regenerate a liquid phase with a lowerconcentration of phase transition temperature adjustment reagent. Insome embodiments, may comprise a membrane-based process, such as reverseosmosis, or nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or membranedistillation, or high pressure reverse osmosis, or high pressurenanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or a combinationthereof. L-5 May comprise a retentate or concentrate solution resultingfrom a separation process. May comprise a concentrated phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent solution. In some embodiments, maycomprise a concentrated solution comprising phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent. In some embodiments, may comprise a concentratedaqueous solution comprising phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent. L-6 May comprise a permeate solution resulting from aseparation process. May comprise a liquid with lower, or significantlylower, or practically no concentration of phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent relative to L- 4. In some embodiments, may compriseaqueous solution or water with lower, or significantly lower, orpractically no concentration of phase transition temperature adjustmentreagent relative to L-4. Heat A heat sink or heat source heat exchanger.In some embodiments, may Exchanger comprise a heat exchanger with a heatsink or application requiring heating. #1 Heat exchanger may beconfigured to mix liquid phases or conduct a liquid- liquid phasetransition or both within the heat exchanger, which may result in moreefficient heat transfer or higher performing heat transfer. L-1 Maycomprise a single liquid combined solution. May comprise a single liquidphase combined solution, which may have resulted from the mixing and/orheat exchange in Heat Exchanger #1. May comprise a single liquid phasecombined solution which may have resulted from an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition from the mixing of L-3 and L-6. SLL-1 Amixture of a solid phase and a multi-liquid phase mixture in asolid-liquid slurry or a solid-liquid-liquid slurry. May comprise atleast a portion a solid phase. F-1 A solid-liquid separation process.May comprise, including, but not limited to, a centrifuge, or filter, orsolid-liquid separation process known in the art, or a combinationthereof. S-1 A separated solid phase. May comprise solid phase of asolid-liquid phase change material produced by an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and/ or separated from a liquid-liquidphase change liquid. In some embodiments, may comprise a separated orconcentrated solid-liquid slurry.

FIGS. 11A, 11B LLL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfer mediumcomprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May be at atemperature above at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. May be at a temperature above a solid-liquid phasechange temperature. May comprise ‘warm’ return heat transfer medium. Insome embodiments, may comprise a heat transfer medium comprising aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and a solid-liquid phase changematerial at least partially insoluble in said liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. LL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture heat transfermedium comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May be at atemperature above at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. May be at a temperature below at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. May be at atemperature above a solid-liquid phase change temperature. May comprise‘warm’ return heat transfer medium. In some embodiments, may comprise aheat transfer medium comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidand a solid-liquid phase change material at least partially insoluble insaid liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. Chiller A heat exchanger orprocess for cooling or removing heat from the heat transfer medium. Insome embodiments, may be configured to be compatible with liquid-liquidphase transition liquid, solid-liquid phase change material, or acombination thereof. SL-1 A solid-liquid slurry. May comprise a heattransfer medium comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid as asingle liquid phase combined solution below at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range and a solid-liquidphase change material with at least a portion at a solid phase.Application A heat exchanger or process which may be cooled or have heatremoved by the Requiring heat transfer medium. A heat exchanger orprocess which may heat the heat Cooling transfer medium. May comprise anapplication requiring cooling which may benefit from the greater heatcapacity and/or other improved heat transfer properties of a heattransfer medium possessing both a liquid-liquid phase transition and asolid-liquid phase change.

FIGS. 11C 1 A process requiring heating or a process requiring coolingor both. In some embodiments, may change between being a processrequiring heating and a process requiring cooling and/or may reversiblychange between being a process requiring heating and a process requiringcooling. 2 A heat transfer medium. Make comprise a ‘cooler’ temperatureheat transfer medium than ‘4’. In some embodiments, may comprise asolid-liquid slurry, or solid-liquid-liquid slurry, or a single liquidphase solution , or a solid-liquid- liquid-liquid slurry, or a solid, ora solid-solid-liquid slurry, or a liquid-liquid- liquid mixture, or aliquid-liquid mixture, or a multi-liquid phase mixture, or a combinationthereof. 3 A process requiring heating or a process requiring cooling orboth. In some embodiments, may change between being a process requiringheating and a process requiring cooling and/or may reversibly changebetween being a process requiring heating and a process requiringcooling. 4 A heat transfer medium. Make comprise a ‘cooler’ temperatureheat transfer medium than ‘4’. In some embodiments, may comprise asolid-liquid slurry, or solid-liquid-liquid slurry, or a single liquidphase solution , or a solid-liquid- liquid-liquid slurry, or a solid, ora solid-solid-liquid slurry, or a liquid-liquid- liquid mixture, or aliquid-liquid mixture, or a multi-liquid phase mixture, or a combinationthereof.

FIGS. 12A, 12B SL-1 A solid-liquid slurry. May comprise a heat transfermedium comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid as a singleliquid phase combined solution below at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range and a solid-liquidphase change material with at least a portion at a solid phase. V-1 Avalve or transfer channel or a combination thereof. May be employed toremove at least a portion of heat transfer medium from a heat transferloop to, for example, adjust the concentration of solid-liquid phasechange material, or change the solid-liquid phase change, or changecomposition or phase transition temperature of liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, or change the concentration of liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, or a combination thereof. F-1 A solid-liquidseparation process. May be employed to separate at least a portion ofsolid phase solid-liquid phase change material from a heat transfermedium comprising a solid-liquid mixture. L-1 A liquid phase comprisinga liquid phase of a solid-liquid slurry after separating at least aportion of solid phase from said solid-liquid slurry. S-1 At least aportion of solid-liquid phase change material separated in F-1. Maycomprise solid phase, or liquid phase, or both. Storage May comprise astorage mechanism for one or more solid-liquid phase change materials.In some embodiments, may store one type of solid-liquid phase changematerial. In some embodiments, may storage more than one time of solidliquid phase change material. May store solid-liquid phase changematerial as a solid, or a liquid, or both. S-2 May comprise solid-liquidphase change material transferred between storage and a heat transferloop. SL-2 May comprise heat transfer medium, excluding any heattransfer medium removed in V-1. V-2 A valve or transfer channel or acombination thereof. May be employed to add heat transfer medium to amain heat transfer loop after said heat transfer medium has undergone aconcentration adjustment. For example, may add heat transfer mediumwhich comprises a lower concentration of solid-liquid phase changematerial than the heat transfer medium in SL-2. For example, may addheat transfer medium which comprises a greater concentration ofsolid-liquid phase change material than heat transfer medium in SL-2.SL-3 A heat transfer medium in a heat transfer loop after one or moreconcentration adjustment steps. In some instances, may comprise heattransfer medium with a diluted or lower concentration of solid-liquidphase change material. In some instances, the heat transfer medium in aheat transfer loop may bypass concentration adjustment steps. Maycomprise a solid-liquid slurry or a liquid or a combination thereof.Heat A heat exchanger or process which may be cooled or have heatremoved by the Exchanger heat transfer medium. A heat exchanger orprocess which may heat the heat #2 transfer medium. In some embodiments,may comprise an application requiring cooling which may benefit from thegreater heat capacity and/or other improved heat transfer properties ofa heat transfer medium possessing both a liquid-liquid phase transitionand a solid-liquid phase change. LLL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture. Maycomprise ‘warm’ heat transfer medium. May comprise a heat transfermedium with both solid-liquid phase change material and liquid-liquidphase transition liquid at a liquid phase. May comprise a heat transfermedium at a temperature above a solid-liquid phase change temperatureand/or a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. Solid- liquid phasechange material may be at least partially insoluble in at least one ofthe liquid phases of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid under atleast some conditions. May comprise two or more liquid phases of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and/or one or more liquid phasesof a solid-liquid phase change liquid and/or a mixture thereof. V-3 Avalve or transfer channel or a combination thereof. May be employed toadd solid-liquid phase change material to a heat loop or a heat transfermedium. In some embodiments, may be located before Heat Exchanger #2(e.g. added to SL-3). LLL-2 A heat transfer medium in a heat transferloop after one or more concentration adjustment steps. In someinstances, the heat transfer medium in a heat transfer loop may bypassconcentration adjustment steps. May comprise a heat transfer mediumafter a step adding solid-liquid phase change material. May comprise aliquid phase, a solid phase or both. May comprise a heat transfer mediumafter bypassing a step for adding solid-liquid phase change material.Heat A heat exchanger or process which may be heated or may remove heatfrom a Exchanger heat transfer medium. A heat exchanger or process whichmay cool the heat #1 transfer medium. In some embodiments, may comprisea application requiring heating or a heat sink or a chiller which maybenefit from the greater heat capacity and/or other improved heattransfer properties of a heat transfer medium possessing both aliquid-liquid phase transition and a solid-liquid phase change.

FIGS. 13A, 13B LLL-5 A heat transfer medium in a heat transfer loopafter one or more concentration adjustment steps. In some instances, theheat transfer medium in a heat transfer loop may bypass concentrationadjustment steps. A heat transfer medium in a heat transfer loop afterone or more concentration adjustment steps. In some instances, maycomprise heat transfer medium with a diluted or lower concentration ofsolid-liquid phase change material. May comprise a multi- liquid phasemixture. May comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture below a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature, or a solid-liquid phase changetemperature, or both. Heat A heat exchanger or process which may beheated or may remove heat from a Exchanger heat transfer medium. A heatexchanger or process which may cool the heat #1 transfer medium. In someembodiments, may comprise a application requiring heating or a heat sinkor chiller which may benefit from the greater heat capacity and/or otherimproved heat transfer properties of a heat transfer medium possessingboth a liquid-liquid phase transition and a solid-liquid phase change.SL-1 A solid-liquid slurry. May comprise a heat transfer mediumcomprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid as a single liquidphase combined solution below at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range and a solid-liquid phase changematerial with at least a portion at a solid phase. Heat A heat exchangeror process which may be cooled or have heat removed by the Exchangerheat transfer medium. A heat exchanger or process which may heat theheat #2 transfer medium. In some embodiments, may comprise anapplication requiring cooling which may benefit from the greater heatcapacity and/or other improved heat transfer properties of a heattransfer medium possessing both a liquid-liquid phase transition and asolid-liquid phase change. LLL-1 A multi-liquid phase mixture. Maycomprise ‘warm’ heat transfer medium. May comprise a heat transfermedium with both solid-liquid phase change material and liquid-liquidphase transition liquid at a liquid phase. May comprise a heat transfermedium at a temperature above a solid-liquid phase change temperatureand/or a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. Solid- liquid phasechange material may be at least partially insoluble in at least one ofthe liquid phases of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid under atleast some conditions. May comprise two or more liquid phases of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid and/or one or more liquid phasesof a solid-liquid phase change liquid and/or a mixture thereof. V-3 Avalve or transfer channel or a combination thereof. May be employed toadd solid-liquid phase change material to a heat loop or a heat transfermedium. May add solid-liquid phase change liquid to a heat transfer loopor heat transfer medium at a liquid phase. LLL-2 A heat transfer mediumin a heat transfer loop after one or more concentration adjustmentsteps. A heat transfer medium after a step involving the addition of asolid-liquid phase change material. A heat transfer medium afterbypassing a step involving the addition of a solid-liquid phase changematerial. V-1 A valve or transfer channel or a combination thereof. Maybe employed to remove at least a portion of heat transfer medium from aheat transfer loop to, for example, adjust the concentration ofsolid-liquid phase change material, or change the solid-liquid phasechange, or change composition or phase transition temperature ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or change the concentration ofliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or a combination thereof. LLL-4May comprise heat transfer medium, excluding any heat transfer mediumremoved in V-1. V-2 A valve or transfer channel or a combinationthereof. May be employed to add liquid-liquid phase transition liquid toa heat loop or a heat transfer medium. May add solid-liquid phase changeliquid to a heat transfer loop or heat transfer medium at a liquidphase. LLL-3 May comprise heat transfer medium removed from a heattransfer loop. May undergo one or more or a combination of separations.LLS-1 A liquid-liquid separation process. May be employed to separateone or more liquid-liquid phase transition liquid phases from one ormore solid-liquid phase transition liquid or solid phases. May involve aone or more step process. LL-1 May comprise a heat transfer mediumcomprising liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May comprise a heattransfer medium comprising liquid-liquid phase transition liquid with atleast a portion of solid-liquid phase change liquid separated orremoved. May comprise liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a singleliquid phase combined solution state, or a multi-liquid phase mixturestate, or a combination thereof. May comprise liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid transferred to a heat transfer loop. L-1 May comprisesolid-liquid phase change material separated from a heat transfer mediumby a liquid-liquid separation process, or a solid-liquid separationprocess, or a combination thereof. May comprise liquid phasesolid-liquid phase change material. Storage May comprise a storagemechanism for one or more solid-liquid phase change materials. In someembodiments, may store one type of solid-liquid phase change material.In some embodiments, may storage more than one time of solid liquidphase change material. May store solid-liquid phase change material as aliquid, a solid, or both. L-2 May comprise solid-liquid phase changematerial transferred between storage and a heat transfer loop.

FIG. 14 (Same as FIG. 13, except the following) LL-1 May comprise a heattransfer medium comprising liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. Maycomprise a heat transfer medium comprising liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid with at least a portion of solid-liquid phase changeliquid separated or removed. May comprise liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid at a single liquid phase combined solution state, or amulti-liquid phase mixture state, or a combination thereof. May compriseliquid-liquid phase transition liquid transferred to an adjustment step.Adjust A process for adjusting the liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or adjusting thecomposition of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid, or adjustingthe concentration of one or more reagents of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, or a combination thereof. LL-2 May comprise a heattransfer medium comprising liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. Maycomprise a heat transfer medium comprising liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid after an adjustment step. May comprise liquid-liquidphase transition liquid at a single liquid phase combined solutionstate, or a multi- liquid phase mixture state, or a combination thereof.May comprise liquid- liquid phase transition liquid transferred to aheat transfer loop.

FIG. 15 (Same as FIG. 14, except the following) L-1 May comprisesolid-liquid phase change material separated from a heat transfer mediumby a liquid-liquid separation process, or a solid-liquid separationprocess, or a combination thereof. May comprise liquid phasesolid-liquid phase change material. V-4 A valve or transfer channel or acombination thereof. May be employed to direct solid-liquid phase changematerial to an appropriate storage process or storage container. Forexample, V-4 may transfer solid-liquid phase transition material to astorage process or storage container with the same type of solid- liquidphase transition material, or the same solid-liquid phase changetemperature, or compatible solid-liquid phase change materials, or acombination thereof. L-2 A solid-liquid phase change materialtransferred to one or more storage processes or storage containers. L-3A solid-liquid phase change material transferred to one or more storageprocesses or storage containers. Storage #1 One or more storageprocesses or storage containers for storing a solid-liquid phase changematerial. Storage #2 One or more storage processes or storage containersfor storing a solid-liquid phase change material. L-4 A solid-liquidphase change material transferred from one or more storage processes orstorage containers. L-5 A solid-liquid phase change material transferredfrom one or more storage processes or storage containers. V-5 A valve ortransfer channel or a combination thereof. May be employed to directsolid-liquid phase change material from an appropriate storage to a heattransfer loop or heat transfer medium. L-6 Solid-liquid phase changematerial added to a heat transfer loop or heat transfer medium whenaddition of solid-liquid change material is desired.

FIGS. 16-27 ID Description L-1 L-1 may comprise a ‘supply’ solution. L-1may comprise combined liquid phase solution. In embodiments for coldthermal storage or chilled thermal storage, L-1 may comprise the‘supply’ chilled liquid. May comprise a combination of non-waterreagent(s) and water. May comprise at least a portion of single liquidphase combined solution or may comprise primarily a combination ofnon-water reagents, which may possess a LCST or UCST phase transitiontemperature, dissolved in water. If L-1 possesses a LCST, it may bedesirable to be below the temperature or below at least a portion of thetemperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition. Load The ‘Load’may comprise the application requiring cooling or heating or a demandsource for cooling or heat. The Load may be satisfied by, for example,discharging thermal storage to provide the cooling or heating demandedby the Load. For example, the Load may comprise a building requiringcooling. L-1 may heat exchange with the Load, providing, for example,cooling to said load, while resulting in warmer LL-1 output. LL-1 LL-1may comprise L-1 after heat exchanging with the Load. In embodimentsinvolving chilling or cooling or cold storage, LL-1 may comprise a warmmulti-liquid phase mixture (warm relative to L-1), following the removalof heat from the Load. As L-1 heats up during heat exchange with theLoad, L-1 may undergo a liquid-liquid phase transition, which may absorbheat and enhance specific heat capacity and/or heat transfer. LL-1 mayundergo further heating or recirculation or further heat transfer use orother use or treatment before liquid-liquid separation in LLS-1. LLS-1LLS-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid separation device, which may beemployed to separate at least a portion of the constituent liquid phasesof LL-1 into non-contiguously separate liquid phases. For example, LL- 1may comprise two liquid phases and LLS-1 may separate said twoconstituent liquid phases into two separate liquid streams, wherein eachstream may contain a different liquid phases or mostly one of the twoliquid phases. LLS-1 may comprise one or more or a combination ofliquid-liquid separation devices, which may include, but are not limitedto, one or more or a combination of the following: decanter, centrifuge,coalescer, or other liquid-liquid separation devices known in the art.L-2 In FIGS. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25, L-2 maycomprise a mostly water liquid phase, which may have been a component ofLL-1 before liquid-liquid separation in LLS-1. In FIGS. 26 and 27, L-2may comprise a mostly non-water liquid phase or a mostly organic liquidphase, which may have been a component of LL-1 before liquid-liquidseparation in LLS-1. L-3 In FIGS. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,and 25, L-3 may comprise a mostly non-water liquid phase or a mostlyorganic liquid phase, which may have been a component of LL-1 beforeliquid-liquid separation in LLS-1. In FIGS. 26 and 27, L-3 may comprisea mostly water liquid phase, which may have been a component of LL-1before liquid-liquid separation in LLS-1. Tank 1 Tank 1 may comprise acontainer or storage vessel for the thermal storage liquids. Tank 1 mayexhibit a temperature stratification or thermocline. The temperaturestratification or thermocline may be generated due to densitydifferences driven by the density of reagents comprising each liquidphase or due to temperature driven density differences or a combinationthereof. Tank 1 may also contain floating barriers or other forms ofbarriers to facilitate separation between layers which may be presentwithin Tank 1. Tank 1 possess temperature stratification or thermoclineor layers even without solid barriers between layers. Tank 2 Tank 2 maycomprise a container or storage vessel for the thermal storage liquids.Tank 2 may be employed to store a mostly non-water liquid phaseseparately from a mostly water liquid phase and/or a combined solutionliquid phase. L-4 In FIGS. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25,L-4 may comprise a mostly water liquid phase, which may have beenpreviously stored or may have been removed from Tank 1. In FIGS. 26 and27, L-4 may comprise a mostly non-water liquid phase, which may havebeen previously stored or may have been removed from Tank 1. L-4 mayexist at or near a desired ‘supply’ temperature. L-5 In FIGS. 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25, L-5 may comprise a mostly non-waterliquid phase. In FIGS. 26 and 27, L-5 may comprise a mostly water liquidphase, which may have been previously stored or may have been removedfrom Tank 1. In FIGS. 16-23, L-5 may have been previously stored or mayhave been removed from Tank 2. In FIGS. 24 and 25, L-5 may have beenpreviously stored or may have been removed from Tank 1. L-5 may exist ator near a desired ‘supply’ temperature. Mixing ‘Mixing’ may comprise oneor more or a combination of devices for mixing two or more liquidphases. ‘Mixing’ may involve mixing L-4 and L-5 to form LL-2. Mixingdevices may include, but are not limited to, one or more or acombination of the following: static mixer, pump, stirred vessel,continuous stirred reactor, inline mixer, or other mixing or mergingdevices known in the art. Mixing may exist or may be conducted at ornear a desired ‘supply’ temperature. LL-2 LL-2 may comprise amulti-liquid phase mixture, which may result from mixing L-4 and L-5 in‘Mixing’. LL-2 may exist at or near a desired ‘supply’ temperature.Chiller A source of thermal energy for ‘charging’ the thermal storage.May comprise a chiller for embodiments involving chilled liquid thermalstorage or cooling or cooling thermal storage. May comprise a heater orheat pump for embodiments involving heated liquid thermal storage orheating or heating thermal storage. L-6 L-6 may comprise supplysolution. L-6 may comprise at least a portion a single liquid phasecombined solution or a combined solution, which may have originated fromLL-2. L-6 may comprise LL-2 after a liquid- liquid phase transitionwhich may have occurred due to heat transfer or change in liquidtemperature, during, for example, heat exchange with ‘Chiller’. L-6 mayexist at or near a desired ‘return’ temperature. Liquid ‘A’ Liquid ‘A’may comprise a liquid phase comprising mostly water. Liquid ‘A’ may bestored at or near a ‘return’ temperature. Liquid ‘A’ is labeled ‘A’ inFIGS. 20-27 and may also be represented by a vertical linebackground/pattern. Liquid ‘B’ Liquid ‘B’ may comprise a liquid phasecomprising at least a portion combined solution or single liquid phasecombined solution. Liquid ‘B’ may comprise a combination of Liquid ‘A’and Liquid ‘C’. Liquid ‘B’ may be stored at or near a ‘supply’temperature. Liquid ‘B’ is labeled ‘B’ in FIGS. 20-27 and may also berepresented by a horizontal line background/pattern. Liquid ‘C’ Liquid‘C’ may comprise a liquid phase comprising mostly non-water reagents.Liquid ‘C’ may be stored at or near a ‘return’ temperature. Liquid ‘C’is labeled ‘C’ in FIGS. 20-27 and may also be represented by a crossdiamond background/pattern. Floating Barrier ‘Floating barrier’ maycomprise a separator or separation or barrier or material or device to,for example, minimize contact or liquid-liquid mixing or heat transferbetween colder and warmer layers or layers of different compositions ora combination thereof within a thermocline or stratified thermal storagetank. It may be desirable for the floating barrier to be less dense thanone or more layers of greater density (which may enable the floatingbarrier to float) and more dense than one or more layers of lesserdensity. The floating barrier may have desirable hydrophobicity orhydrophilicity or other affinity or other properties or a combinationthereof. Said properties may be advantageously employed to optimizeseparation between liquid layers or minimize thermal losses or mixingwithin a thermal storage tank. Floating Barrier 1 Floating Barrier 1 maybe a floating barrier located between two liquid layers or liquidphases. Floating Barrier 2 Floating Barrier 2 may be a floating barrierlocated between two liquid layers or liquid phases.

FIGS. 36A, 36B ID Description L-1 L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phasecombined solution. L-1 may be at a temperature below a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid with at least a partially expended exothermicenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-1 may be at a coldertemperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/or Location #2.L-1 may be transferred between Location #2 and Location #1. L-1 maycomprise L- 13 after counter current heat exchanger with L-5 and L-6.Heat Heat Exchanger #1 may comprise a countercurrent heat exchangerwhich may Exchanger heat exchange a ‘cold’ single steam liquid with‘warm’ countercurrent streams #1 comprising two or more non-contiguouslyseparate liquid streams. Heat Exchanger #1 may recover at least aportion of the specific heat or heat capacity or non-latent heat of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to, for example, minimize netenergy consumption related to heating up or cooling down a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and maximize the proportion of heat stored inthe latent heat of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-2L-2 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising atleast a portion a single liquid phase combined solution. L-2 maycomprise a pre-heated liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-2 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. L-2 maycomprise a multi-liquid phase mixture which may have underwent at leasta portion of an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition during a heatexchange with L-3 and L-4. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixturewhich may have underwent at least a portion of an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition, although L-2 may possess additionallatent endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition or may be at atemperature within a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range,although may not be at or above the higher end limit of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range, or a combination thereof. Heat Heatsource may comprise a heat source or application requiring cooling orSource both. May comprise a process providing heat to a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. May comprise a process to heat a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid to a temperature within or above a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range to enable or facilitate anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. May comprise a process toprovide heat or energy or both to facilitate the formation of anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. LL-1 LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising a multi- liquid phase mixture which maycomprise two or more liquid phases. LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid above at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LL-1 may comprise a liquid- liquidphase transition liquid above at least a portion of a LCST liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LLS-1 LLS-1 may comprise a processfor separating two or more liquid phases or a liquid-liquid separationdevice. LLS-1 may comprise a centrifuge, or a decanter, or a coalescer,or a separation process described herein, or liquid- liquid separationprocesses known in the art, or a combination thereof. L-3 L-3 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprise a liquid phaseseparated from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprisea liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayhave been separated from said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at atemperature above at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from whichL-3 may have been separated may comprise two or more liquid phasesand/or may comprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperatureabove at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. In some embodiments, at least a portion of L-3 may be non-contiguously separate from L-4. L-4 L-4 may comprise a liquid phase orreagents or a combination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase separated from a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which may have been separatedfrom said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature aboveat least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from which L-4 may havebeen separated may comprise two or more liquid phases and/or maycomprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperature above at leasta portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, at least a portion of L-4 may be non- contiguously separatefrom L-3. L-5 L-5 may comprise L-3 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-5 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-5 maybe at a colder temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-5 may be transferred between Location #1 andLocation #2. L-6 L-6 may comprise L-4 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-6 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-6 maybe at a colder temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-6 may be transferred between Location #1 andLocation #2. Heat Heat Exchanger #2 may comprise a countercurrent heatexchanger which may Exchanger heat exchange a ‘warm’ single steam liquidwith ‘cold’ countercurrent streams #2 comprising two or morenon-contiguously separate liquid streams. Heat Exchanger #2 may recoverat least a portion of the specific heat or heat capacity or non-latentheat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to, for example,minimize net energy consumption related to heating up or cooling down aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or maximize the proportion ofheat stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition provided to an application requiring heating, or enable theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to rise to or operate at atemperature desired for an application requiring heating, or enable theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to rise to or operate at atemperature near or adjacent to at least a portion of the limits of anenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. L-7 L-7may comprise L-5 after a countercurrent heat exchange with L-13. L-7 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-7 may beat a temperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 are mixed. L-8 L-8may comprise L-6 after a countercurrent heat exchange with L-13. L-8 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-8 may beat a temperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 are mixed. Mix #1Mix #1 may comprise a process for combining L-7 and L-8. L-7 and L-8 maycombine in Mix #1 to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionand/or at least a portion of a single liquid phase combined solution,such as L-9. Mix #1 may be at least partially insulated to enable saidexothermic liquid-liquid phase transition to be conducted as anadiabatic process. The temperature of L- 9 may be greater than thetemperature of L-7 and L-8 due to, for example, adiabatic temperaturechange. Mix #1 may comprise one or more or a combination of activeand/or passive mixing processes described herein or known in the art. Insome embodiments, Mix #1 may mix L-7 and L-8 to form a multi-liquidphase solution at or above a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. L-9 L-9 may comprise at least a portion a singleliquid phase combined solution. In some embodiments, L-9 may be at atemperature equal to about the adiabatic temperature change plus themean temperature of L-7 and L-8. L-9 may be transferred from Mix #1 toV-1. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixturewhich may later undergo, for example, at least a portion of exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition in a heat exchange with an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture with latent exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. V-1 V-1 may comprise a process for flow control, or flowdirecting, or a combination thereof. If, for example, L-9 is at or abovea desired temperature for heating an application requiring heating andan application requiring heating currently requires heating, V-1 maytransfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upon transfer) to said applicationrequiring heating. If, for example, L-9 is at or above a desiredtemperature for heating an application requiring heating and anapplication requiring heating currently does not require heating, V-1may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upon transfer) to saidapplication requiring heating or V-1 may transfer L-9 (which maycomprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 to bypass an application requiringheating, or a combination thereof. If, for example, L-9 is below adesired temperature for heating an application requiring heating, V-1may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 tobypass an application requiring heating and/or enable adiabatic heating.L-10 L-10 may comprise L-9 bypassing an application requiring heating.L-10 may be transferred between V-1 and V-2. Bypassing, as representedby L-10, may enable adiabatic heating by preventing or minimizing theremoval of heat from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayenable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to rise in temperaturedue to, for example, at least a portion of adiabatic heating and/or risein temperature to reach a desired temperature for an applicationrequiring heating. L-11 L-11 may comprise L-9 being transferred to anapplication requiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at alower temperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a lowertemperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-11 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may undergo, for example, at least a portion ofexothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in heat exchange with anapplication requiring heating. L-11 may be transferred between V-1 andan application requiring heating. Application An application requiringheating may comprise an application requiring Requiring heating, or aheat sink, or a combination thereof. An application requiring Heatingheating may remove heat from a liquid. An application requiring heatingmay have control over when, or if, or how much heat may be removed froma liquid. An application requiring heating may have control over thetemperature which heat is supplied to said application requiring heatingL-12 L-12 may comprise L-11 after heat exchange with an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a lowertemperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a lowertemperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. L-12 may be transferred between an applicationrequiring heating and V-2. V-2 V-2 may comprise a process for flowcontrol, or flow directing, or a combination thereof. V-2 may directand/or merge L-10 and/or L-12 to form L-13, or recirculate, or acombination thereof. L-13 L-13 may comprise L-10, or L-12, or acombination thereof. L-13 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phase combinedsolution. L-13 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid withat least a partially expended exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. L-13 may be transferred between V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2.Location #1 Location #1 may comprise a ‘regeneration portion’ of theprocess, wherein, for example, heat is added and/or stored in theenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. Location #2 Location #2 may comprise a ‘heatreceiving portion’ of the process, wherein, for example, the latententhalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid- liquid phasetransition liquid is converted to heat to enable, for example, adiabaticheating and/or to supply heat to an application requiring heating.

In an example embodiment of FIG. 36A, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1: 20° C.    -   L-2: 116° C.    -   LL-1: 125° C.    -   L-3: 125° C.    -   L-4: 125° C.    -   L-5: 22° C.    -   L-6: 22° C.    -   L-7: 50° C.    -   L-8: 50° C.    -   L-9: 60° C.    -   L-10: 60° C.    -   L-11:    -   L-12:    -   L-13:        -   For example:            -   60° C. in portion of pipe or other transfer closest to                V-1 or the portion of L-13 matching the temperature of                L-10 and/or L-9            -   52° C. in Heat Exchanger #2, resulting in the                temperatures of L-7 and L-8            -   Note: If Location #2 or the heat transfer process is                undergoing adiabatic heating at a temperature below a                liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of liquid-liquid                phase transition temperature range, the temperature will                likely increase such that, at any given point, the                temperature of L-9 may be greater than the temperature                of L-10 and the temperature of L-10 may be greater than                L-13.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat removed from the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition minus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is removed or the process is undergoing                adiabatic heating, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both plus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In an example embodiment of FIG. 36B, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1:20° C.    -   L-2: 116° C.    -   LL-1: 125° C.    -   L-3: 125° C.    -   L-4: 125° C.    -   L-5: 22° C.    -   L-6: 22° C.    -   L-7: 111° C.    -   L-8: 111° C.    -   L-9: 115° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-10:    -   L-11: 115° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-12: 113° C.    -   L-13:        -   For example: 113° C.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat removed from the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition minus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is removed or the process is undergoing                adiabatic heating, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both plus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In some embodiments, boiling point of one or more reagents in a heattransfer medium or liquid-liquid phase transition liquid or theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid itself or a combination thereof atatmospheric pressure may be less than one or more temperatures inLocation #1 and/or Location #2. In some embodiments, to for exampleprevent boiling, the pressure inside Location #1 and/or Location #2 maybe greater than the pressure of the liquids transferring betweenLocation #1 and/or Location #2, such as at least a portion of L-1, L-5,and L-6 in FIGS. 36A and 36B. For example, in some embodiments, Location#1 may operate at a pressure of 2 atmospheres and Location #2 mayoperate at a pressure of 1.8 atmospheres, while a portion of the liquidstransferring between Location #1 and/or Location #2 may be at a pressurenear atmospheric pressure. An appropriate operating pressure may beachieved or maintained in Location #1 and/or Location #2 by, forexample, employing a pump, or a power recovery generator or powerexchanger, a flow control valve, or a combination thereof. For example,in some embodiments, L-1 may be pressurized to an appropriate pressureusing a pump before entering Heat Exchanger #1. For example, in someembodiments, pressure and/or power may be recovered from L-5 and L-6 bya power recovery or pressure recovery process before L-5 and/or L-6 exitLocation #1. For example, in some embodiments, said recovered pressureand/or power may be provided to said pump employed to pressurized L-1.

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid in aregeneration portion or Location #1 may be heated to a temperature abovea liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to, for example,including, but not limited to, maximize latent heat stored in aliquid-liquid phase transition, or prevent or minimize enthalpies ofliquid-liquid phase transition from occurring in one or more of the twoor more non-contiguous liquid phases in the process, or a combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the regeneration and/or heat receiving may beconducted at a high temperature and/or high pressure, while the latentheat may be stored at a low temperature and/low pressure. Being able tostore high quality heat high temperature heat with a fluid stored at alow pressure and low temperature may enable the use of a low coststorage tank and/or a large volume storage tank for the thermal storageof medium or high temperature heat. It may also enable the use of lowcost liquid-liquid phase transition liquids. For example, aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise low cost reagentswhich may be volatile at high temperatures, such as, for example,including, but not limited to, water or organic solvents or inorganicsolvents or a combination thereof.

Pressures in at least a portion of Location #1 or Location #2 may begreater than or equal to one or more or a combination of the following:0.8 atm, or 1 atm, or 1.5 atm, or 2 atm, or 3 atm, or 4 atm, or 5 atm,or 6 atm, or 7 atm, or 8 atm, or 9 atm, or 10 atm, or 11 atm, or 12 atm,or 13 atm, or 14 atm, or 15 atm, or 16 atm, or 17 atm, or 18 atm, or 19atm, or 20 atm, or 21 atm, or 22 atm, or 23 atm, or 24 atm, or 25 atm,or 30 atm, or 40 atm, or 50 atm, or 60 atm, or 70 atm, or 80 atm, or 90atm, or 100 atm, or 150 atm, or 200 atm, or 250 atm, or 500 atm, or 750atm, or 1000 atm, or 5000 atm, or 10000 atm.

In some embodiments, instead of bypassing an application requiringheating, the process may transfer a liquid below a desired temperatureto an application requiring heating, although an application requiringheating may be designed to not remove or minimal removal heat from saidliquid until said liquid reaches a desired temperature. An applicationrequiring heating avoiding or minimizing the removal of heat may beeffectively similar to ‘bypassing’ an application requiring heating byallowing a liquid to partially or fully undergo adiabatic heating until,for example, said liquid reaches a desired temperature.

FIGS. 37A, 37B ID Description L-1 L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phasecombined solution. L-1 may be at a temperature above a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid with at least a partially expended endothermicenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-1 may be at a warmertemperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/or Location #2.L-1 may be transferred between Location #2 and Location #1. L-1 maycomprise L- 13 after counter current heat exchanger with L-5 and L-6.Heat Heat Exchanger #1 may comprise a countercurrent heat exchangerwhich may Exchanger heat exchange a ‘warm’ single steam liquid with‘cold’ countercurrent streams #1 comprising two or more non-contiguouslyseparate liquid streams. Heat Exchanger #1 may recover at least aportion of the specific heat or heat capacity or non-latent heat of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to, for example, minimize netenergy consumption related to cooling down or heating up a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid and maximize the proportion of ‘cooling’ storedin the latent heat of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-2L-2 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising atleast a portion a single liquid phase combined solution. L-2 maycomprise a pre-cooled liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-2 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. L-2 maycomprise a multi-liquid phase mixture which may have underwent at leasta portion of an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition during a heatexchange with L-3 and L-4. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixturewhich may have underwent at least a portion of an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition, although L-2 may possess additionallatent exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition or may be at atemperature within a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range,although may not be at or below the lower end limit of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range, or a combination thereof. CoolingCooling source may comprise a cooling source or application requiringheat or Source both. May comprise a process removing heat from aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May comprise a process to cool aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to a temperature within or below aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to enable or facilitatean exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. May comprise a process toremove heat or provide energy or both to facilitate the formation of anexothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. LL-1 LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising a multi- liquid phase mixture which maycomprise two or more liquid phases. LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid below at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LL-1 may comprise a liquid- liquidphase transition liquid below at least a portion of a UCST liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LLS-1 LLS-1 may comprise a processfor separating two or more liquid phases or a liquid-liquid separationdevice. LLS-1 may comprise a centrifuge, or a decanter, or a coalescer,or a separation process described herein, or liquid- liquid separationprocesses known in the art, or a combination thereof. L-3 L-3 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprise a liquid phaseseparated from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprisea liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayhave been separated from said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at atemperature below at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from whichL-3 may have been separated may comprise two or more liquid phasesand/or may comprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperaturebelow at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. In some embodiments, at least a portion of L-3 may be non-contiguously separate from L-4. L-4 L-4 may comprise a liquid phase orreagents or a combination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase separated from a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which may have been separatedfrom said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature belowat least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from which L-4 may havebeen separated may comprise two or more liquid phases and/or maycomprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperature below at leasta portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, at least a portion of L-4 may be non- contiguously separatefrom L-3. L-5 L-5 may comprise L-3 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-5 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-5 maybe at a warmer temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-5 may be transferred between Location #1 andLocation #2. L-6 L-6 may comprise L-4 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-6 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-6 maybe at a warmer temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-6 may be transferred between Location #1 andLocation #2. Heat Heat Exchanger #2 may comprise a countercurrent heatexchanger which may Exchanger heat exchange a ‘cold’ single steam liquidwith ‘warm’ countercurrent streams #2 comprising two or morenon-contiguously separate liquid streams. Heat Exchanger #2 may recoverat least a portion of the specific heat or heat capacity or non-latentheat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to, for example,minimize net energy consumption related to cooling down or heating up aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or maximize the proportion of‘cold’ stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition provided to an application requiring cooling, or enable theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decrease to or operate at atemperature desired for an application requiring cooling, or enable theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decrease to or operate at atemperature near or adjacent to at least a portion of the limits of anenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. L-7 L-7may comprise L-5 after a countercurrent heat exchange with L-13. L-7 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-7 may beat a temperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 are mixed. L-8 L-8may comprise L-6 after a countercurrent heat exchange with L-13. L-8 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-8 may beat a temperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 are mixed. Mix #1Mix #1 may comprise a process for combining L-7 and L-8. L-7 and L-8 maycombine in Mix #1 to form an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionand/ or at least a portion of a single liquid phase combined solution,such as L-9. Mix #1 may be at least partially insulated to enable saidendothermic liquid- liquid phase transition to be conducted as anadiabatic process. The temperature of L-9 may be less than thetemperature of L-7 and L-8 due to, for example, adiabatic temperaturechange. Mix #1 may comprise one or more or a combination of activeand/or passive mixing processes described herein or known in the art. Insome embodiments, Mix #1 may mix L-7 and L-8 to form a multi-liquidphase solution at or below a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. L-9 L-9 may comprise at least a portion a singleliquid phase combined solution. In some embodiments, L-9 may be at atemperature equal to about the adiabatic temperature change minus themean temperature of L-7 and L-8. L-9 may be transferred from Mix #1 toV-1. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixturewhich may later undergo, for example, at least a portion of endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition in a heat exchange with an applicationrequiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture with latent endothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. V-1 V-1 may comprise a process for flow control, or flowdirecting, or a combination thereof. If, for example, L-9 is at or belowa desired temperature for cooling an application requiring cooling andan application requiring cooling currently requires cooling, V-1 maytransfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upon transfer) to said applicationrequiring cooling. If, for example, L-9 is at or below a desiredtemperature for cooling an application requiring cooling and anapplication requiring cooling currently does not require cooling, V-1may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upon transfer) to saidapplication requiring cooling or V-1 may transfer L-9 (which maycomprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 to bypass an application requiringcooling, or a combination thereof. If, for example, L-9 is above adesired temperature for cooling an application requiring cooling, V-1may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 tobypass an application requiring cooling and/or enable adiabatic cooling.L-10 L-10 may comprise L-9 bypassing an application requiring cooling.L-10 may be transferred between V-1 and V-2. Bypassing, as representedby L-10, may enable adiabatic cooling by preventing or minimizing theremoval of heat from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayenable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decrease intemperature due to, for example, at least a portion of adiabatic coolingand/or a decrease in temperature to reach a desired temperature for anapplication requiring cooling. L-11 L-11 may comprise L-9 beingtransferred to an application requiring cooling. In some embodiments,L-12 may be at a higher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added byan application requiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at ahigher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an applicationrequiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-11 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may undergo, for example, at least a portion ofendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in heat exchange with anapplication requiring cooling. L-11 may be transferred between V-1 andan application requiring cooling. Application An application requiringcooling may comprise an application requiring Requiring cooling, or aheat source, or a combination thereof. An application requiring Coolingcooling may add heat to a liquid. An application requiring cooling mayhave control over when, or if, or how much heat may be added to aliquid. An application requiring cooling may have control over thetemperature which heat is removed from said application requiringcooling. L-12 L-12 may comprise L-11 after heat exchange with anapplication requiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at ahigher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an applicationrequiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a highertemperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an application requiringcooling. L-12 may be transferred between an application requiringcooling and V-2. V-2 V-2 may comprise a process for flow control, orflow directing, or a combination thereof. V-2 may direct and/or mergeL-10 and/or L-12 to form L-13, or recirculate, or a combination thereof.L-13 L-13 may comprise L-10, or L-12, or a combination thereof. L-13 maycomprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising at least aportion a single liquid phase combined solution. L-13 may comprise aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid with at least a partially expendedexothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-13 may betransferred between V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2. Location #1 Location #1may comprise a ‘regeneration portion’ of the process, wherein, forexample, ‘cooling’ is stored in the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. Location #2Location #2 may comprise a ‘cooling portion’ of the process, wherein,for example, the latent enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid is converted to absorb heat toenable, for example, adiabatic cooling and/or to remove heat from anapplication requiring cooling.

In an example embodiment of FIG. 36A, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1: 40° C.    -   L-2: 9° C.    -   LL-1: 1° C.    -   L-3: 1° C.    -   L-4: 1° C.    -   L-5: 38° C.    -   L-6: 38° C.    -   L-7: 23° C.    -   L-8: 23° C.    -   L-9: 13° C.    -   L-10: 13° C.    -   L-11:    -   L-12:    -   L-13:        -   For example:            -   13° C. in portion of pipe or other transfer closest to                V-1 or the portion of L-13 matching the temperature of                L-10 and/or L-9            -   21° C. in Heat Exchanger #2, resulting in the                temperatures of L-7 and L-8            -   Note: If Location #2 or the heat transfer process is                undergoing adiabatic cooling at a temperature above a                liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of liquid-liquid                phase transition temperature range, the temperature will                likely increase such that, at any given point, the                temperature of L-9 may be less than the temperature of                L-10 and the temperature of L-10 may be less than L-13.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat added to the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition plus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is added or the process is undergoing                adiabatic cooling, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both minus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In an example embodiment of FIG. 36B, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1:40° C.    -   L-2: 9° C.    -   LL-1: 1° C.    -   L-3: 1° C.    -   L-4: 1° C.    -   L-5: 38° C.    -   L-6: 38° C.    -   L-7: 13° C.    -   L-8: 13° C.    -   L-9: 10° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent endothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-10:    -   L-11: 10° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent endothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-12: 11° C.    -   L-13:        -   For example: 11° C.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat added to the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition plus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is added or the process is undergoing                adiabatic cooling, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both minus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid in aregeneration portion or Location #1 may be cooled to a temperature belowa liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to, for example,including, but not limited to, maximize latent heat stored in aliquid-liquid phase transition, or prevent or minimize enthalpies ofliquid-liquid phase transition from occurring in one or more of the twoor more non-contiguous liquid phases in the process, or a combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, instead of bypassing an application requiringcooling, the process may transfer a liquid below a desired temperatureto an application requiring cooling, although an application requiringcooling may be designed to not add or minimally add heat to said liquiduntil said liquid reaches a desired temperature. An applicationrequiring cooling avoiding or minimizing the addition of heat may beeffectively similar to ‘bypassing’ an application requiring cooling byallowing a liquid to partially or fully undergo adiabatic cooling until,for example, said liquid reaches a desired temperature.

FIGS. 38A-E ID Description L-1 L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phasecombined solution. L-1 may be at a temperature below a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid with at least a partially expended exothermicenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-1 may be at a coldertemperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/or Location #2.L-1 may be transferred between Location #2 and Storage B. L-1 maycomprise L-13 after counter current heat exchanger with L-14 and L-15.Storage B Storage B may comprise one or more tanks or a storagereservoir to store and/ or provide L-1. L-16 L-16 may comprise liquidtransferred from Storage B to Heat Exchanger #1. Heat Heat Exchanger #1may comprise a countercurrent heat exchanger which may Exchanger heatexchange a ‘cold’ single steam liquid with ‘warm’ countercurrent streams#1 comprising two or more non-contiguously separate liquid streams. HeatExchanger #1 may recover at least a portion of the specific heat or heatcapacity or non-latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquidto, for example, minimize net energy consumption related to heating upor cooling down a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid and maximize theproportion of heat stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition. L-2 L-2 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquidphase combined solution. L-2 may comprise a pre-heated liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-2 may be at atemperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may have underwent at least a portion of anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition during a heat exchange withL-3 and L-4. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture which mayhave underwent at least a portion of an endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition, although L-2 may possess additional latent endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition or may be at a temperature within aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, although, in someembodiments may not be at or above the higher end limit of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, or a combinationthereof. Heat Heat source may comprise a heat source or applicationrequiring cooling or Source both. May comprise a process providing heatto a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. May comprise a process toheat a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to a temperature within orabove a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to enable orfacilitate an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition. May comprise aprocess to provide heat or energy or both to facilitate the formation ofan endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. LL-1 LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising a multi- liquid phase mixture which maycomprise two or more liquid phases. LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid above at least a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LL-1 may comprise a liquid- liquidphase transition liquid above at least a portion of a LCST liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. LLS-1 LLS-1 may comprise a processfor separating two or more liquid phases or a liquid-liquid separationdevice. LLS-1 may comprise a centrifuge, or a decanter, or a coalescer,or a separation process described herein, or liquid- liquid separationprocesses known in the art, or a combination thereof. L-3 L-3 maycomprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combination thereof of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprise a liquid phaseseparated from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-3 may comprisea liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayhave been separated from said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at atemperature above at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from whichL-3 may have been separated may comprise two or more liquid phasesand/or may comprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperatureabove at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. In some embodiments, at least a portion of L-3 may be non-contiguously separate from L-4. L-4 L-4 may comprise a liquid phase orreagents or a combination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase separated from a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which may have been separatedfrom said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature aboveat least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from which L-4 may havebeen separated may comprise two or more liquid phases and/or maycomprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperature above at leasta portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, at least a portion of L-4 may be non- contiguously separatefrom L-3. L-5 L-5 may comprise L-3 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-5 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-5 maybe at a colder temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-5 may be transferred between Location #1 andStorage A. L-6 L-6 may comprise L-4 after a counter current heatexchanger with L-1. L-6 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-6 maybe at a colder temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1and/or Location #2. L-6 may be transferred between Location #1 andStorage A. Storage A Storage A may comprise one or more storage tanks ora storage reservoir to store and/or provide L-5 and L-6. Storage A maystore L-5 and L-6 as non- contiguously separate liquid phases. Storage Amay store L-5 and L-6 as non- contiguously separate liquid phases with afloating barrier between L-5 and L- 6. Storage A may store L-5 and L-6as non-contiguously separate liquid phases in two separate tanks. Insome embodiments, Storage A may store L-5 and L-6 at about the sametemperature. L-14 L-14 may comprise liquid transferred from Storage A toHeat Exchanger #2. L- 14 may be the same composition as L-6. L-15 L-15may comprise liquid transferred from Storage A to Heat Exchanger #2. L-15 may be the same composition as L-5. Heat Heat Exchanger #2 maycomprise a countercurrent heat exchanger which may Exchanger heatexchange a ‘warm’ single steam liquid with ‘cold’ countercurrent streams#2 comprising two or more non-contiguously separate liquid streams. HeatExchanger #2 may recover at least a portion of the specific heat or heatcapacity or non-latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquidto, for example, minimize net energy consumption related to heating upor cooling down a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or maximize theproportion of heat stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition provided to an application requiringheating, or enable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to rise toor operate at a temperature desired for an application requiringheating, or enable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to rise toor operate at a temperature near or adjacent to at least a portion ofthe limits of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. L-7 L-7 may comprise L-15 after a countercurrent heat exchangewith L-13. L-7 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-7 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 aremixed. L-8 L-8 may comprise L-14 after a countercurrent heat exchangewith L-13. L-8 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-8 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 aremixed. Mix #1 Mix #1 may comprise a process for combining L-7 and L-8.L-7 and L-8 may combine in Mix #1 to form an exothermic liquid-liquidphase transition and/or at least a portion of a single liquid phasecombined solution, such as L-9. Mix #1 may be at least partiallyinsulated to enable said exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition to beconducted as an adiabatic process. The temperature of L- 9 may begreater than the temperature of L-7 and L-8 due to, for example,adiabatic temperature change. Mix #1 may comprise one or more or acombination of active and/or passive mixing processes described hereinor known in the art. In some embodiments, Mix #1 may mix L-7 and L-8 toform a multi-liquid phase solution at or above a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. L-9 L-9 may compriseat least a portion a single liquid phase combined solution. In someembodiments, L-9 may be at a temperature equal to about the adiabatictemperature change plus the mean temperature of L-7 and L-8. L-9 may betransferred from Mix #1 to V-1. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise amulti-liquid phase mixture which may later undergo, for example, atleast a portion of exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in a heatexchange with an application requiring heating. In some embodiments, L-9may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with latent exothermicenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. V-1 V-1 may comprise aprocess for flow control, or flow directing, or a combination thereof.If, for example, L-9 is at or above a desired temperature for heating anapplication requiring heating and an application requiring heatingcurrently requires heating, V-1 may transfer L-9 (which may compriseL-11 upon transfer) to said application requiring heating. If, forexample, L-9 is at or above a desired temperature for heating anapplication requiring heating and an application requiring heatingcurrently does not require heating, V-1 may transfer L-9 (which maycomprise L-11 upon transfer) to said application requiring heating orV-1 may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 tobypass an application requiring heating, or a combination thereof. If,for example, L-9 is below a desired temperature for heating anapplication requiring heating, V-1 may transfer L-9 (which may compriseL-10 upon transfer) to V-2 to bypass an application requiring heatingand/or enable adiabatic heating. L-10 L-10 may comprise L-9 bypassing anapplication requiring heating. L-10 may be transferred between V-1 andV-2. Bypassing, as represented by L-10, may enable adiabatic heating bypreventing or minimizing the removal of heat from a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, which may enable the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid to rise in temperature due to, for example, at least a portion ofadiabatic heating and/or rise in temperature to reach a desiredtemperature for an application requiring heating. L-11 L-11 may compriseL-9 being transferred to an application requiring heating. In someembodiments, L-12 may be at a lower temperature than L-11 due to theheat removed by an application requiring heating. In some embodiments,L-12 may be at a lower temperature than L-11 due to the heat removed byan application requiring heating. In some embodiments, L-11 may comprisea multi-liquid phase mixture which may undergo, for example, at least aportion of exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in heat exchangewith an application requiring heating. L-11 may be transferred betweenV-1 and an application requiring heating. Application An applicationrequiring heating may comprise an application requiring Requiringheating, or a heat sink, or a combination thereof. An applicationrequiring Heating heating may remove heat from a liquid. An applicationrequiring heating may have control over when, or if, or how much heatmay be removed from a liquid. An application requiring heating may havecontrol over the temperature which heat is supplied to said applicationrequiring heating L-12 L-12 may comprise L-11 after heat exchange withan application requiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at alower temperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a lowertemperature than L-11 due to the heat removed by an applicationrequiring heating. L-12 may be transferred between an applicationrequiring heating and V-2. V-2 V-2 may comprise a process for flowcontrol, or flow directing, or a combination thereof. V-2 may directand/or merge L-10 and/or L-12 to form L-13, or recirculate, or acombination thereof. L-13 L-13 may comprise L-10, or L-12, or acombination thereof. L-13 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phase combinedsolution. L-13 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid withat least a partially expended exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition. L-13 may be transferred between V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2.Location #1 Location #1 may comprise a ‘regeneration portion’ of theprocess, wherein, for example, heat is added and/or stored in theenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. Location #2 Location #2 may comprise a ‘heatreceiving portion’ of the process, wherein, for example, the latententhalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid- liquid phasetransition liquid is converted to heat to enable, for example, adiabaticheating and/or to supply heat to an application requiring heating.

In an example embodiment of FIG. 38A, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1: 20° C.    -   Storage B: 20° C.    -   L-16: 20° C.    -   L-2: 116° C.    -   LL-1: 125° C.    -   L-3: 125° C.    -   L-4: 125° C.    -   L-5: 22° C.    -   L-6: 22° C.    -   Storage A: 22° C.    -   L-14: 22° C.    -   L-15:22° C.    -   L-7: 50° C.    -   L-8: 50° C.    -   L-9: 60° C.    -   L-10: 60° C.    -   L-11:    -   L-12:    -   L-13:        -   For example:            -   60° C. in portion of pipe or other transfer closest to                V-1 or the portion of L-13 matching the temperature of                L-10 and/or L-9            -   52° C. in Heat Exchanger #2, resulting in the                temperatures of L-7 and L-8            -   Note: If Location #2 or the heat transfer process is                undergoing adiabatic heating at a temperature below a                liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of liquid-liquid                phase transition temperature range, the temperature will                likely increase such that, at any given point, the                temperature of L-9 may be greater than the temperature                of L-10 and the temperature of L-10 may be greater than                L-13.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat removed from the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition minus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is removed or the process is undergoing                adiabatic heating, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both plus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In an example embodiment of FIG. 38B, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1:20° C.    -   Storage B: 20° C.    -   L-16: 20° C.    -   L-2: 116° C.    -   LL-1: 125° C.    -   L-3: 125° C.    -   L-4: 125° C.    -   L-5: 22° C.    -   L-6: 22° C.    -   Storage A: 22° C.    -   L-14: 22° C.    -   L-15:22° C.    -   L-7: 111° C.    -   L-8: 111° C.    -   L-9: 115° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-10:    -   L-11: 115° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent exothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-12: 113° C.    -   L-13:        -   For example: 113° C.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat removed from the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition minus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is removed or the process is undergoing                adiabatic heating, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both plus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

FIGS. 39A-E ID Description L-1 L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquid phasecombined solution. L-1 may be at a temperature above a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-1 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid with at least a partially expended endothermicenthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-1 may be at a warmertemperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/or Location #2.L-1 may be transferred between Location #2 and Storage B. L-1 maycomprise L-13 after counter current heat exchanger with L-14 and L-15.Storage B Storage B may comprise one or more tanks or a storagereservoir to store and/ or provide L-1. L-16 L-16 may comprise liquidtransferred from Storage B to Heat Exchanger #1. Heat Heat Exchanger #1may comprise a countercurrent heat exchanger which may Exchanger heatexchange a ‘warm’ single steam liquid with ‘cold’ countercurrent streams#1 comprising two or more non-contiguously separate liquid streams. HeatExchanger #1 may recover at least a portion of the specific heat or heatcapacity or non-latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquidto, for example, minimize net energy consumption related to cooling downor heating up a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid and maximize theproportion of ‘cooling’ stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition. L-2 L-2 may comprise a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid comprising at least a portion a single liquidphase combined solution. L-2 may comprise a pre-cooled liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. In some embodiments, L-2 may be at atemperature adjacent to or overlapping with an enthalpy of liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may have underwent at least a portion of anexothermic liquid-liquid phase transition during a heat exchange withL-3 and L-4. L-2 may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture which mayhave underwent at least a portion of an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition, although L-2 may possess additional latent exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition or may be at a temperature within aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, although may not be ator below the lower end limit of a liquid-liquid phase transitiontemperature range, or a combination thereof. Cooling Cooling source maycomprise a cooling source or application requiring heat or Source both.May comprise a process removing heat from a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid. May comprise a process to cool a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid to a temperature within or below a liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range to enable or facilitate an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition. May comprise a process to remove heat orprovide energy or both to facilitate the formation of an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition in a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. LL-1 LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising a multi- liquid phase mixture which may comprise two or moreliquid phases. LL-1 may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidbelow at least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. LL-1 may comprise a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid belowat least a portion of a UCST liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. LLS-1 LLS-1 may comprise a process for separating two or moreliquid phases or a liquid-liquid separation device. LLS-1 may comprise acentrifuge, or a decanter, or a coalescer, or a separation processdescribed herein, or liquid- liquid separation processes known in theart, or a combination thereof. L-3 L-3 may comprise a liquid phase orreagents or a combination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. L-3 may comprise a liquid phase separated from a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid. L-3 may comprise a liquid phase of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which may have been separatedfrom said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature belowat least a portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. The liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from which L-3 may havebeen separated may comprise two or more liquid phases and/or maycomprise two or more liquid phases when at a temperature below at leasta portion of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In someembodiments, at least a portion of L-3 may be non- contiguously separatefrom L-4. L-4 L-4 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or acombination thereof of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. L-4 maycomprise a liquid phase separated from a liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid. L-4 may comprise a liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid, which may have been separated from said liquid-liquidphase transition liquid at a temperature below at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. The liquid-liquidphase transition liquid from which L-4 may have been separated maycomprise two or more liquid phases and/or may comprise two or moreliquid phases when at a temperature below at least a portion of aliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In some embodiments,at least a portion of L-4 may be non- contiguously separate from L-3.L-5 L-5 may comprise L-3 after a counter current heat exchanger withL-16. L-5 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. L-5 may be at awarmer temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/orLocation #2. L-5 may be transferred between Location #1 and Storage A.L-6 L-6 may comprise L-4 after a counter current heat exchanger withL-16. L-6 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. L-6 may be at awarmer temperature than one or more liquids in Location #1 and/orLocation #2. L-6 may be transferred between Location #1 and Storage A.Storage A Storage A may comprise one or more storage tanks or a storagereservoir to store and/or provide L-5 and L-6. Storage A may store L-5and L-6 as non- contiguously separate liquid phases. Storage A may storeL-5 and L-6 as non- contiguously separate liquid phases with a floatingbarrier between L-5 and L- 6. Storage A may store L-5 and L-6 asnon-contiguously separate liquid phases in two separate tanks. In someembodiments, Storage A may store L-5 and L-6 at about the sametemperature. L-14 L-14 may comprise liquid transferred from Storage A toHeat Exchanger #2. L- 14 may be the same composition as L-6. L-15 L-15may comprise liquid transferred from Storage A to Heat Exchanger #2. L-15 may be the same composition as L-5. Heat Heat Exchanger #2 maycomprise a countercurrent heat exchanger which may Exchanger heatexchange a ‘cold’ single steam liquid with ‘warm’ countercurrent streams#2 comprising two or more non-contiguously separate liquid streams. HeatExchanger #2 may recover at least a portion of the specific heat or heatcapacity or non-latent heat of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquidto, for example, minimize net energy consumption related to cooling downor heating up a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, or maximize theproportion of ‘cold’ stored in the latent heat of an enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition provided to an application requiringcooling, or enable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decreaseto or operate at a temperature desired for an application requiringcooling, or enable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decreaseto or operate at a temperature near or adjacent to at least a portion ofthe limits of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange. L-7 L-7 may comprise L-15 after a countercurrent heat exchangewith L-13. L-7 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-7 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 aremixed. L-8 L-8 may comprise L-14 after a countercurrent heat exchangewith L-13. L-8 may comprise a liquid phase or reagents or a combinationthereof of a liquid- liquid phase transition liquid. In someembodiments, L-8 may be at a temperature adjacent to or overlapping withan enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid which may form if L-7 and L-8 aremixed. Mix #1 Mix #1 may comprise a process for combining L-7 and L-8.L-7 and L-8 may combine in Mix #1 to form an endothermic liquid-liquidphase transition and/ or at least a portion of a single liquid phasecombined solution, such as L-9. Mix #1 may be at least partiallyinsulated to enable said endothermic liquid- liquid phase transition tobe conducted as an adiabatic process. The temperature of L-9 may be lessthan the temperature of L-7 and L-8 due to, for example, adiabatictemperature change. Mix #1 may comprise one or more or a combination ofactive and/or passive mixing processes described herein or known in theart. In some embodiments, Mix #1 may mix L-7 and L-8 to form amulti-liquid phase solution at or below a portion of a liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range. L-9 L-9 may comprise at least aportion a single liquid phase combined solution. In some embodiments,L-9 may be at a temperature equal to about the adiabatic temperaturechange minus the mean temperature of L-7 and L-8. L-9 may be transferredfrom Mix #1 to V-1. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may later undergo, for example, at least a portionof endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in a heat exchange with anapplication requiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-9 may comprise amulti-liquid phase mixture with latent endothermic enthalpy ofliquid-liquid phase transition. V-1 V-1 may comprise a process for flowcontrol, or flow directing, or a combination thereof. If, for example,L-9 is at or below a desired temperature for cooling an applicationrequiring cooling and an application requiring cooling currentlyrequires cooling, V-1 may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upontransfer) to said application requiring cooling. If, for example, L-9 isat or below a desired temperature for cooling an application requiringcooling and an application requiring cooling currently does not requirecooling, V-1 may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-11 upon transfer) tosaid application requiring cooling or V-1 may transfer L-9 (which maycomprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 to bypass an application requiringcooling, or a combination thereof. If, for example, L-9 is above adesired temperature for cooling an application requiring cooling, V-1may transfer L-9 (which may comprise L-10 upon transfer) to V-2 tobypass an application requiring cooling and/or enable adiabatic cooling.L-10 L-10 may comprise L-9 bypassing an application requiring cooling.L-10 may be transferred between V-1 and V-2. Bypassing, as representedby L-10, may enable adiabatic cooling by preventing or minimizing theremoval of heat from a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid, which mayenable the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to decrease intemperature due to, for example, at least a portion of adiabatic coolingand/or a decrease in temperature to reach a desired temperature for anapplication requiring cooling. L-11 L-11 may comprise L-9 beingtransferred to an application requiring cooling. In some embodiments,L-12 may be at a higher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added byan application requiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at ahigher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an applicationrequiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-11 may comprise a multi-liquidphase mixture which may undergo, for example, at least a portion ofendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition in heat exchange with anapplication requiring cooling. L-11 may be transferred between V-1 andan application requiring cooling. Application An application requiringcooling may comprise an application requiring Requiring cooling, or aheat source, or a combination thereof. An application requiring Coolingcooling may add heat to a liquid. An application requiring cooling mayhave control over when, or if, or how much heat may be added to aliquid. An application requiring cooling may have control over thetemperature which heat is removed from said application requiringcooling. L-12 L-12 may comprise L-11 after heat exchange with anapplication requiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at ahigher temperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an applicationrequiring cooling. In some embodiments, L-12 may be at a highertemperature than L-11 due to the heat added by an application requiringcooling. L-12 may be transferred between an application requiringcooling and V-2. V-2 V-2 may comprise a process for flow control, orflow directing, or a combination thereof. V-2 may direct and/or mergeL-10 and/or L-12 to form L-13, or recirculate, or a combination thereof.L-13 L-13 may comprise L-10, or L-12, or a combination thereof. L-13 maycomprise a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising at least aportion a single liquid phase combined solution. L-13 may comprise aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid with at least a partially expendedexothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. L-13 may betransferred between V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2. Location #1 Location #1may comprise a ‘regeneration portion’ of the process, wherein, forexample, ‘cooling’ is stored in the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. Location #2Location #2 may comprise a ‘cooling portion’ of the process, wherein,for example, the latent enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of aliquid-liquid phase transition liquid is converted to absorb heat toenable, for example, adiabatic cooling and/or to remove heat from anapplication requiring cooling.

In an example embodiment of FIG. 39A, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1:40° C.    -   L-16: 40° C.    -   Storage B: 40° C.    -   L-2: 9° C.    -   LL-1: 1° C.    -   L-3: 1° C.    -   L-4: 1° C.    -   L-5: 38° C.    -   L-6: 38° C.    -   Storage A: 38° C.    -   L-14: 38° C.    -   L-15: 38° C.    -   L-7: 23° C.    -   L-8: 23° C.    -   L-9: 13° C.    -   L-10: 13° C.    -   L-11:    -   L-12:    -   L-13:        -   For example:            -   13° C. in portion of pipe or other transfer closest to                V-1 or the portion of L-13 matching the temperature of                L-10 and/or L-9            -   21° C. in Heat Exchanger #2, resulting in the                temperatures of L-7 and L-8            -   Note: If Location #2 or the heat transfer process is                undergoing adiabatic cooling at a temperature above a                liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of liquid-liquid                phase transition temperature range, the temperature will                likely increase such that, at any given point, the                temperature of L-9 may be less than the temperature of                L-10 and the temperature of L-10 may be less than L-13.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat added to the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition plus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is added or the process is undergoing                adiabatic cooling, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both minus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In an example embodiment of FIG. 39B, for purposes of example, exampletemperatures may be the following:

-   -   L-1:40° C.    -   L-16: 40° C.    -   Storage B: 40° C.    -   L-2: 9° C.    -   LL-1: 1° C.    -   L-3: 1° C.    -   L-4: 1° C.    -   L-5: 38° C.    -   L-6: 38° C.    -   Storage A: 38° C.    -   L-14: 38° C.    -   L-15: 38° C.    -   L-7: 13° C.    -   L-8: 13° C.    -   L-9: 10° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent endothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-10:    -   L-11: 10° C. (may comprise a multi-liquid phase mixture with        latent endothermic enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition)    -   L-12: 11° C.    -   L-13:        -   For example: 11° C.        -   Or for example, one or more or a combination of the            following:            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic cooling, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the process is undergoing adiabatic heating, L-13 may                possess a different temperature depending on where a                given portion of L-13 is in the transit between V-2 and                Heat Exchanger #2            -   If the rate of heat removal or heat addition changes,                L-13 may possess a different temperature depending on                where a given portion of L-13 is in the transit between                V-2 and Heat Exchanger #2            -   At least a portion of L-13 may be at the same                temperature as L-10, or L-12, or a solution of L-10                mixed with L-12, or a combination thereof            -   If the heat added to the heat transfer medium before                L-13 is equal to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase                transition plus heat equivalent to the delta-T of Heat                Exchanger #2, then the temperature of at least a portion                of L-13 may be equal to the temperature of L-7 and/or                L-8            -   If no heat is added or the process is undergoing                adiabatic cooling, the temperature of L-13 may be equal                to the temperature of the molecules of L-13 when said                molecules comprised L-7 or L-8 or both minus the                adiabatic temperature change of the enthalpy of                liquid-liquid phase transition

In some embodiments, Storage A and Storage B may comprise the same tank.For example, in some embodiments, Storage A and Storage B may comprisethe same tank, wherein each liquid or liquid phase comprises a liquidlayer within the tank. For example, in some embodiments, Storage A andStorage B may comprise the same tank, wherein each liquid or liquidphase comprises a liquid layer within the tank, wherein each liquidlayer is separated by a floating barrier. Storage A and Storage B maycomprise the same tank, wherein each liquid phase has a differentdensity. For example, L-5 may possess a different density than L-6 andL-5 and L-6 both possess different densities than L-1. For example, insome embodiments, within a tank, L-1 may comprise a middle layer, L-5may comprise a bottom layer, and L-6 may comprise a top layer.

In some embodiments, charging of a thermal storage tank may involveremoving liquid from Storage B (L-16), regenerating said liquid'senthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in Location #1 to form L-5and L-6, and storing L-5 and L-6 in Storage A. In some embodiments,discharging of a thermal storage tank may involve removing liquid phasesfrom Storage A (L-14 and L-15), releasing or absorbing heat due to thereleasing at least a portion of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phasetransition in Location #2 to form L-1, and storing L-1 in Storage B.

Example Step-by-Step Descriptions

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 16 and FIG. 18, Discharging:

-   -   1) Absorbing Heat from Load: A ‘supply’ temperature or        relatively cold combined liquid-liquid phase transition solution        (L-1), which may be transferred from a thermal storage tank, may        be transferred to and/or heat exchanged with a thermal load        (‘Load’), which may comprise an application requiring cooling or        an application requiring heating. In an application requiring        cooling, L-1 may absorb heat during heat exchange with said        ‘Load’, which may result in L-1 undergoing an endothermic        liquid-liquid phase transition into a multi-liquid phase mixture        or multi-liquid phase mixture with different liquid phases or a        combination thereof (LL-1). LL-1 may exit the heat exchange with        said Load at a ‘return’ temperature or a relatively warm        temperature. In FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, L-1 may be the liquid phase        which comprises the bottom layer. In FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, L-1        may be the liquid phase which comprise the top layer.    -   2) Liquid-Liquid Separation: LL-1 may be separated using a        liquid-liquid separation device (LLS-1), which may include, but        is not limited to, a decanter, a coalescer, a centrifuge, a        liquid-liquid separation device described herein, a        liquid-liquid separation device known in the art, or a        combination thereof. LL-1 may be separated into, at least in        part, its constituent liquid phases. For example, LL-1 may be        separated into two separate liquid streams (L-2 and L-3) which        each may comprise mostly one of two or more constituent liquid        phases. LLS-1 may be separated into contiguously separate or        non-contiguously separate liquid streams. In FIGS. 16 and 18,        the separated liquid phases may exit LLS-1 as non-contiguously        separate liquid phases.    -   3) Storage of Constituent Liquid Phases in Tank 1 and Tank 2:        L-2 may comprise one distinct liquid phase and L-3 may comprise        another liquid phase distinct from L-2. For example, L-2 may        comprise a mostly water liquid phase, which may be stored in a        main thermal storage tank. L-3 may comprise a mostly non-water        liquid phase, which may be stored in a separate thermal storage        tank. In FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, L-2/L-4 may be the liquid phase        which comprises the top layer. In FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, L-2/L-4        may be the liquid phase which comprise the bottom layer.

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 17 and FIG. 19, Charging:

-   -   1) Mixing: L-4, which may comprise mostly water liquid, may be        transferred from Tank 1 to ‘Mixing’. L-5, which may comprise        mostly non-water liquid, may be transferred from Tank 2 to        ‘Mixing’. ‘Mixing’ may involve mixing L-4 and L-5 into a        liquid-liquid mixture (LL-2). Mixing may comprise a        liquid-liquid mixing device, which may include, but is not        limited to, liquid-liquid mixing devices described herein, or        liquid-liquid mixing devices known in the art, or a combination        thereof. LL-2 be a liquid-liquid mixture or dispersed        liquid-liquid mixture because it may exist at a temperature        above a LCST or below a UCST or a combination thereof        liquid-liquid phase transition. LL-2 may be transferred to        ‘Chiller’.    -   2) Supply Heat to Chiller/Chilling Liquid: LL-2, which may        comprise a relatively warm or return temperature liquid-liquid        mixture, may be heat exchanged with a cooling source or heat        absorbing source or a chiller (‘Chiller’). As LL-2 is cooled or        heat is removed from LL-2, LL-2 may undergo an exothermic        liquid-liquid phase transition into at a least a portion        combined solution or a single liquid phase combined solution or        a solution of different liquid phases, or a combination thereof        (L-6). L-6 may exist at a relatively cold or ‘supply’        temperature.    -   3) Storage of Liquid in Tank 1: L-6 may be transferred to        Tank 1. In FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, L-6 may be the liquid phase        which comprises a bottom layer. In FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, L-6 may        be the liquid phase which comprises a top layer.

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 20 and FIG. 22, Discharging:

-   -   1) Absorbing Heat from Load: A ‘supply’ temperature or        relatively cold combined liquid-liquid phase transition solution        (L-1), which may be transferred from a thermal storage tank, may        be transferred to and heat exchanged with a thermal load        (‘Load’), which may comprise an application requiring cooling or        an application requiring heating. In an application requiring        cooling, L-1 may absorb heat during heat exchange with ‘Load’,        which may result in L-1 undergoing an endothermic liquid-liquid        phase transition into a multi-liquid phase mixture or        multi-liquid phase mixture with different liquid phases or a        combination thereof (LL-1). LL-1 may exit the heat exchange with        said Load at a ‘return’ temperature or a relatively warm        temperature. In FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, L-1 may be the liquid phase        which comprises the bottom layer and may be separated from the        top layer by a floating barrier or a liquid-liquid interface or        a combination thereof. In FIG. 22 and FIG. 23, L-1 may be the        liquid phase which comprises the top layer and may be separated        from the bottom layer by a floating barrier or a liquid-liquid        interface or a combination thereof.    -   2) Liquid-Liquid Separation: LL-1 may be separated using a        liquid-liquid separation device (LLS-1), which may include, but        is not limited to, a decanter, a coalescer, a centrifuge, a        liquid-liquid separation device described herein, a        liquid-liquid separation device known in the art, or a        combination thereof. LL-1 may be separated into, at least in        part, its constituent liquid phases. For example, LL-1 may be        separated into two separate liquid streams (L-2 and L-3) which        each may comprise mostly one of two or more constituent liquid        phases. LLS-1 may be separated into contiguously separate or        non-contiguously separate liquid streams. In FIGS. 20 and 21,        the separated liquid phases may exit LLS-1 as non-contiguously        separate liquid phases.    -   3) Storage of Constituent Liquid Phases in Tank 1 and Tank 2:        L-2 may comprise one distinct liquid phase and L-3 may comprise        another liquid phase distinct from L-2. For example, L-2 may        comprise a mostly water liquid phase, which may be stored in a        main thermal storage tank. L-3 may comprise a mostly non-water        liquid phase, which may be stored in a separate thermal storage        tank. In FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, L-2/L-4 may be a liquid phase        which comprises the top layer. In FIG. 22 and FIG. 23, L-2/L-4        may be a liquid phase which comprises the bottom layer.

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 21 and FIG. 23, Charging:

-   -   1) Mixing: L-4, which may comprise mostly water liquid, may be        transferred from Tank 1 to ‘Mixing’. L-5, which may comprise        mostly non-water liquid, may be transferred from Tank 2 to        ‘Mixing’. ‘Mixing’ may involve mixing L-4 and L-5 into a        liquid-liquid mixture (LL-2). Mixing may comprise a        liquid-liquid mixing device, which may include, but is not        limited to, liquid-liquid mixing devices described herein, or        liquid-liquid mixing devices known in the art, or a combination        thereof. LL-2 be a liquid-liquid mixture or dispersed        liquid-liquid mixture because it may exist at a temperature        above a LCST or below a UCST or a combination thereof        liquid-liquid phase transition. LL-2 may be transferred to        ‘Chiller’.    -   2) Supply Heat to Chiller/Chilling Liquid: LL-2, which may        comprise a relatively warm or return temperature liquid-liquid        mixture, may be heat exchanged with a cooling source or heat        absorbing source or a chiller (‘Chiller’). As LL-2 is cooled or        heat is removed from LL-2, LL-2 may undergo an exothermic        liquid-liquid phase transition into at a least a portion        combined solution or a single liquid phase combined solution or        a solution of different liquid phases, or a combination thereof        (L-6). L-6 may exist at a relatively cold or ‘supply’        temperature.    -   3) Storage of Liquid in Tank 1: L-6 may be transferred to        Tank 1. In FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, L-6 may be the liquid phase        which comprises a bottom layer. In FIG. 22 and FIG. 23, L-6 may        be the liquid phase which comprises a top layer.

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 24 and FIG. 26, Discharging:

-   -   1) Absorbing Heat from Load: A ‘supply’ temperature or        relatively cold combined liquid-liquid phase transition solution        (L-1), which may be transferred from a thermal storage tank, may        be transferred to and heat exchanged with a thermal load        (‘Load’), which may comprise an application requiring cooling or        an application requiring heating. In an application requiring        cooling, L-1 may absorb heat during heat exchange with ‘Load’,        which may result in L-1 undergoing an endothermic liquid-liquid        phase transition into a multi-liquid phase mixture or        multi-liquid phase mixture with different liquid phases or a        combination thereof (LL-1). LL-1 may exit the heat exchange with        said Load at a ‘return’ temperature or a relatively warm        temperature. In FIGS. 24-27, L-1/L-6 comprises Liquid ‘B’, which        may comprise a layer of middle density or a liquid layer which        may be in the middle of the thermal storage unit.    -   2) Liquid-Liquid Separation: LL-1 may be separated using a        liquid-liquid separation device (LLS-1), which may include, but        is not limited to, a decanter, a coalescer, a centrifuge, a        liquid-liquid separation device described herein, a        liquid-liquid separation device known in the art, or a        combination thereof. LL-1 may be separated into, at least in        part, its constituent liquid phases. For example, LL-1 may be        separated into two separate liquid streams (L-2 and L-3) which        each may comprise mostly one of two or more constituent liquid        phases. LLS-1 may be separated into contiguously separate or        non-contiguously separate liquid streams. In FIGS. 24-27, the        separated liquid phases may exit LLS-1 as non-contiguously        separate liquid phases.    -   3) Storage of Constituent Liquid Phases in Tank 1: L-2 may be        stored as Liquid ‘A’ in FIGS. 9 and 10, and L-2 may be stored as        Liquid ‘C’ in FIGS. 11 and 12. L-3 may be stored as Liquid ‘C’        in FIGS. 24 and 25, and L-2 may be stored as Liquid ‘A’ in FIGS.        26 and 27. FIGS. 24-27 may store the separated liquid phases        from step ‘2)’ as separate liquid layers in the same tank,        rather than in separate tanks. The liquid layers may be further        separated by barriers, as shown in, for example, FIGS. 24-27.

Example Step-by-Step Description FIG. 25 and FIG. 27, Charging:

-   -   1) Mixing: L-4 may be transferred from a top layer of Tank 1 to        ‘Mixing’. L-5 may be transferred from a bottom layer of Tank 1        to ‘Mixing’. ‘Mixing’ may involve mixing L-4 and L-5 into a        liquid-liquid mixture (LL-2). Mixing may comprise a        liquid-liquid mixing device, which may include, but is not        limited to, liquid-liquid mixing devices described herein, or        liquid-liquid mixing devices known in the art, or a combination        thereof. LL-2 be a liquid-liquid mixture or dispersed        liquid-liquid mixture because it may exist at a temperature        above a LCST or below a UCST or a combination thereof        liquid-liquid phase transition. LL-2 may be transferred to        ‘Chiller’.    -   2) Supply Heat to Chiller/Chilling Liquid: LL-2, which may        comprise a relatively warm or return temperature liquid-liquid        mixture, may be heat exchanged with a cooling source or heat        absorbing source or a chiller (‘Chiller’). As LL-2 is cooled or        heat is removed from LL-2, LL-2 may undergo an exothermic        liquid-liquid phase transition into at a least a portion        combined solution or a single liquid phase combined solution or        a solution of different liquid phases, or a combination thereof        (L-6). L-6 may exist at a relatively cold or ‘supply’        temperature.    -   3) Storage of Liquid in Tank 1: L-6 may be transferred to Tank 1        and may be stored as Liquid ‘B’.

Example Exemplary Embodiments

-   -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid below a LCST            to form a single liquid phase combined solution        -   Forming at least a portion of ice by freezing liquid water        -   Combining said ice with said single liquid phase combined            solution to form a slurry        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            at least a portion water below a LCST to form a single            liquid phase combined solution        -   Further cooling said single liquid phase combined solution            to form at least a portion of ice in a slurry with said            single liquid phase combined solution        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid below a LCST            to form a single liquid phase combined solution        -   Forming at least a portion of solid phase by freezing a            solid-liquid phase change material        -   Combining said solid phase with said single liquid phase            combined solution to form a slurry        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            at least a portion solid-liquid phase change material below            a LCST to form a single liquid phase combined solution        -   Further cooling the solution to form at least a portion of            solid phase in a slurry with said single liquid phase            combined solution        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            at least a portion water below a UCST to form a multi-liquid            phase mixture        -   Further cooling said multi-liquid phase mixture to form at            least a portion of ice in a slurry with said single liquid            phase combined solution        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            at least a portion water below a UCST to form a multi-liquid            phase mixture        -   Further cooling said multi-liquid phase mixture to form at            least a portion of ice in a slurry with said single liquid            phase combined solution        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said slurry to and/or            with an application requiring cooling    -   A process for increasing the heat carrying capacity or heat        transfer capacity of a heat transfer medium comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            at least a portion water below a UCST to form a multi-liquid            phase mixture        -   Separating a mostly aqueous liquid phase from a mostly            non-aqueous liquid phase        -   Further cooling said mostly aqueous liquid phase to form at            least a portion of ice        -   Mixing said mostly aqueous liquid phase, or ice, or mostly            non-aqueous phase to form a multi-liquid phase slurry        -   Transferring and/or heat exchanging said multi-liquid phase            slurry to and/or with an application requiring cooling    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and ice        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition between 0-20° C.        -   and        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and ice        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition greater than, or            less than, or overlapping with, or a combination thereof the            melting point of said ice        -   and        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   and        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   and        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than_kJ per kilogram of solution    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   And        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution        -   And        -   Wherein said solid-liquid phase change material is soluble            in said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   And        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution        -   And        -   Wherein said solid-liquid phase change material is insoluble            in said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   And        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution        -   And        -   Wherein said solid-liquid phase change material possesses            limited solubility in at least one reagent in said            liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature above            a LCST    -   A heat transfer medium comprising:        -   A mixture comprising a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid            and a solid-liquid phase change material        -   Wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid has an            enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition at a temperature            greater than, or less than, or overlapping with, or a            combination thereof the melting point of said solid-liquid            phase change material        -   And        -   Wherein said enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition is            greater than 10 kJ per kilogram of solution        -   And        -   Wherein said solid-liquid phase change material possesses            limited solubility in at least one reagent in said            liquid-liquid phase transition liquid at a temperature below            a UCST

Independent Embodiment #1

-   -   1. A process for heat transfer comprising:        -   Cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising            two liquid phases below a liquid-liquid phase transition            temperature range, forming an exothermic LCST liquid-liquid            phase transition into a liquid-liquid phase transition            liquid comprising one liquid phase        -   Cooling said one liquid phase below a temperature of a            solid-liquid phase change and forming a solid-liquid slurry        -   Transferring said solid-liquid slurry to an application            requiring cooling, a heat source, or both.

Dependent Embodiments Related to Independent Embodiment #1

-   -   2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the solid-liquid phase        change material comprises a reagent in the liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid    -   3. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the solid-liquid phase        change material is dissolved in at least one liquid phase of the        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid when the solid-liquid        phase transition material is at a liquid state    -   4. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the solid-liquid phase        change material is insoluble in liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid while at a liquid state    -   5. The process of embodiment 3 wherein the solid-liquid phase        change material comprises water    -   6. The process of embodiment 4 wherein the solid-liquid phase        change material comprises a paraffin, a hydrophobic polymer, or        a combination thereof    -   7. The process of embodiment 4 wherein said liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid comprising one liquid phase is in a        multi-liquid phase mixture with a solid-liquid phase change        material    -   8. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the phase transition        temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        overlaps with the solid-liquid phase change temperature of the        solid-liquid phase change material    -   9. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the phase transition        temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        is adjacent to the solid-liquid phase change temperature of the        solid-liquid phase change material    -   10. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the phase transition        temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        is significantly different from the solid-liquid phase change        temperature of the solid-liquid phase change material    -   11. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the phase transition        temperature of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is        adjustable by adjusting the concentration of a reagent    -   12. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising an apparatus        to separate a solid-liquid phase change liquid from the        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   13. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising an apparatus        to add a solid-liquid phase change material to the liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid    -   14. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the concentration of a        solid-liquid phase change material is adjustable    -   15. The process of embodiment 14 wherein the concentration of a        solid-liquid phase change material is adjusted in response to        changes in the heat capacity requirements in the heat transfer        process    -   16. The process of embodiment 1 wherein a solid-liquid phase        change material of one freezing point is replaced with a        solid-liquid phase change material of a different freezing point    -   17. The process of embodiment 16 wherein a solid-liquid phase        change material of one freezing point is replaced with a        solid-liquid phase change material of a different freezing point        in response to changes in the operating temperatures in the heat        transfer process    -   18. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the specific heat        capacity of the solid-liquid slurry in the temperature range of        the solid-liquid phase change is greater than the specific heat        capacity of a water—ice slurry    -   19. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the freezing point of        the solid-liquid phase change material is reduced by the        presence of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   20. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the freezing point of        the solid-liquid phase change material is practically unchanged        due to the presence of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid

Independent Embodiment #2

-   -   21. A process for heat transfer comprising:        -   Cooling a single liquid phase liquid-liquid phase transition            liquid below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature            range, forming an exothermic UCST liquid-liquid phase            transition into a two liquid phase solution        -   Cooling said two liquid phase solution below a temperature            of a solid-liquid phase change and forming a solid-liquid            slurry        -   Transferring said solid-liquid slurry to an application            requiring cooling, a heat source, or both

Independent Embodiment #3

-   -   22. A process for producing ice comprising:        -   Mixing one liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition            liquid with another liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase            transition liquid to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phase            transition        -   Removing heat with a heat exchanger or heat sink        -   Mixing the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid with a            phase transition temperature adjustment reagent to form an            endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition        -   Wherein the endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition            reduces the temperature to at or below the freezing point of            water; and        -   Wherein at least a portion of liquid water freezes to form            ice

Dependent Embodiments Related to Independent Embodiment #3

-   -   23. The process of embodiment 22 wherein said at least a portion        of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprises water    -   24. The process of embodiment 22 further comprising separating        said ice from the remaining liquid    -   25. The process of embodiment 22 further comprising separating        at least one liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid from another liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid after said endothermic liquid-liquid phase        transition    -   26. The process of embodiment 25 further comprising removing at        least a portion of the phase transition temperature adjustment        reagent from at least one of said separated liquid phases

Independent Embodiment #4

-   -   27. A process for producing ice comprising:        -   Mixing said two non-contiguous liquid phases to form an            endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition        -   Wherein the endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition            reduces the temperature to at or below the freezing point of            water; and        -   Wherein at least a portion of liquid water freezes to form            ice Dependent Embodiments Related to Independent Embodiment            #4:    -   28. The process of embodiment 27 wherein said at least a portion        of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprises water    -   29. The process of embodiment 27 further comprising separating        said ice from the remaining liquid    -   30. The process of embodiment 27 further comprising a        -   Adding a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent to            a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising one            liquid phase to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phase            transition and a mixture comprising two liquid phases        -   Removing heat with a heat exchanger or heat sink        -   Separating said mixture comprising two liquid phases into            two non-contiguous liquid phases        -   Removing at least a portion of said added phase transition            temperature adjustment reagent from at least one of said two            non-contiguous liquid phases

Example Exemplary Embodiments Independent Embodiment #1

-   -   1. A process for thermal storage comprising:        -   Charging a thermal storage reservoir by removing a ‘warm’            liquid from a thermal storage tank and adding a ‘cold’            liquid to the thermal storage tank        -   Discharging a thermal storage reservoir by removing a ‘cold’            liquid from the thermal storage tank and adding a ‘warm’            liquid to the thermal storage tank        -   Wherein said ‘warm’ liquid and said ‘cold’ liquid are            layered within the tank; and        -   Wherein said layering is due to a density difference; and        -   Wherein said density difference is due to a difference in            composition, or concentration, or both

Dependent Embodiments Related to Independent Embodiment #1

-   -   2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the concentration of a        reagent in the ‘cold’ liquid is different from the concentration        of a reagent in the ‘warm’ liquid    -   3. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the composition of the        ‘cold’ liquid is different from the composition of the ‘warm’        liquid    -   4. The process of embodiment 1 wherein there is more than one        ‘cold’ liquid    -   5. The process of embodiment 1 wherein there is more than one        ‘warm’ liquid    -   6. The process of embodiment 4 wherein there are two cold        liquids and one warm liquid    -   7. The process of embodiment 5 wherein there are two warm        liquids and one cold liquid    -   8. The process of embodiment 6 wherein each cold liquid has a        different density than the other cold liquid and wherein each        cold liquid has a different density than the warm liquid    -   9. The process of embodiment 6 wherein the one warm liquid        comprises the two cold liquids mixed into a single liquid phase        combined solution above at least a portion of a UCST        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range    -   10. The process of embodiment 7 wherein each warm liquid has a        different density than the other warm liquid and wherein each        warm liquid has a different density than the cold liquid    -   11. The process of embodiment 7 wherein the one cold liquid        comprises the two warm liquids mixed into a single liquid phase        combined solution below at least a portion of a LCST        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range    -   12. The process of embodiment 1 wherein each liquid comprises a        liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   13. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the density of a layer        is adjusted by adjusting the concentration of a reagent    -   14. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the cold liquid is the        top layer    -   15. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the cold liquid is a        middle layer between two other liquid layers

Independent Embodiment #2

-   -   16. A process for thermal storage comprising:        -   Charging a thermal storage reservoir by removing a ‘cold’            liquid from a thermal storage tank and adding a ‘warm’            liquid to the thermal storage tank        -   Discharging a thermal storage reservoir by removing a ‘warm’            liquid from the thermal storage tank and adding a ‘cold’            liquid to the thermal storage tank        -   Wherein said ‘warm’ liquid and said ‘cold’ liquid are            stratified within the tank; and        -   Wherein said stratification is due to a density difference;            and        -   Wherein said density difference is due to a difference in            composition, or concentration, or both    -   17. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the concentration of a        reagent in the ‘cold’ liquid is different from the concentration        of a reagent in the ‘warm’ liquid    -   18. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the composition of the        ‘cold’ liquid is different from the composition of the ‘warm’        liquid    -   19. The process of embodiment 16 wherein there is more than one        ‘cold’ liquid    -   20. The process of embodiment 16 wherein there is more than one        ‘warm’ liquid    -   21. The process of embodiment 19 wherein there are two cold        liquids and one warm liquid    -   22. The process of embodiment 20 wherein there are two warm        liquids and one cold liquid    -   23. The process of embodiment 21 wherein each cold liquid has a        different density than the other cold liquid and wherein each        cold liquid has a different density than the warm liquid    -   24. The process of embodiment 21 wherein the one warm liquid        comprises the two cold liquids mixed into a single liquid phase        combined solution above at least a portion of a UCST        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range    -   25. The process of embodiment 22 wherein each warm liquid has a        different density than the other warm liquid and wherein each        warm liquid has a different density than the cold liquid    -   26. The process of embodiment 22 wherein the one cold liquid        comprises the two warm liquids mixed into a single liquid phase        combined solution below at least a portion of a LCST        liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range    -   27. The process of embodiment 16 wherein each liquid comprises a        liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid    -   28. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the density of a layer        is adjusted by adjusting the concentration of a reagent    -   29. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the cold liquid is the        top layer    -   30. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the cold liquid is a        middle layer between two other liquid layers        1. A process for thermal storage comprising:

(a) providing a thermal storage reservoir with a first liquid having afirst temperature and a second liquid having a lower temperature thanthe first liquid; wherein said first liquid and said second liquid arelayered within the tank due to a difference in density between saidfirst and second liquid and wherein said density difference is due to adifference in composition, concentration, or both;

(b) charging the thermal storage reservoir by removing at least aportion of said first liquid and adding at least a portion of saidsecond liquid wherein the added second liquid's temperature is lowerthan the first liquid; and

(c) discharging the thermal reservoir by removing at least a portion ofsaid second liquid and adding at least a portion of said first liquidwherein the added first liquid's temperature is higher than the secondliquid.

2. The process of 1 which further comprises mixing at least one of theone or more additional liquids with a lower temperature than the firstliquid with the second liquid above at least a portion of a UCSTliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range such that a singleliquid phase is formed comprising the at least one of the one or moreadditional liquids.3. The process of 1 which further comprises mixing at least one of theone or more additional liquids with a higher temperature than the firstliquid with the first liquid below at least a portion of a LCSTliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range such that a singleliquid phase is formed comprising the at least one of the one or moreadditional liquids.1. A process for thermal storage comprising:

(a) providing a thermal storage reservoir with a first liquid having afirst temperature and a second liquid having a lower temperature thanthe first liquid;

wherein said first liquid and said second liquid are layered within thetank due to a difference in density between said first and second liquidand wherein said density difference is due to a difference incomposition, concentration, or both;

(b) charging the thermal storage reservoir by removing at least aportion of said second liquid and adding at least a portion of saidfirst liquid wherein the added first liquid's temperature is higher thanthe second liquid; and

(c) discharging the thermal reservoir by removing at least a portion ofsaid first liquid and adding at least a portion of said second liquidwherein the added second liquid's temperature is lower than the firstliquid.

2. The process of 1 which further comprises mixing at least one of theone or more additional liquids with a lower temperature than the firstliquid with the second liquid above at least a portion of a UCSTliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range such that a singleliquid phase is formed comprising the at least one of the one or moreadditional liquids.3. The process of 1 which further comprises mixing at least one of theone or more additional liquids with a higher temperature than the firstliquid with the first liquid below at least a portion of a LCSTliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range such that a singleliquid phase is formed comprising the at least one of the one or moreadditional liquids.

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit,    -   Wherein at least one liquid layer or liquid phase or liquid        region comprises a ‘cold’ temperature liquid layer or liquid        phase or liquid region, and    -   Wherein at least one liquid layer or liquid phase or liquid        region comprises a ‘warm’ temperature liquid layer or liquid        phase or liquid region,    -   Wherein said ‘cold’ temperature liquid layer or liquid phase or        liquid region possesses a lower density than said ‘warm’        temperature liquid layer or liquid phase or liquid region    -   Wherein the liquid or liquids are stored in a container or        vessel    -   Wherein at least one of said ‘cold’ temperature liquid layer or        liquid phase or liquid region is located at a position above one        or more other liquid layers or liquid phases or liquid regions    -   Wherein at least one of said ‘warm’ temperature liquid layer or        liquid phase or liquid region is located at a position beneath        one or more other liquid layers or liquid phases or liquid        regions

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit        comprising at least two liquid layers or liquid phases or liquid        regions,    -   Wherein each liquid layer or liquid phase or liquid region        possesses a different composition or concentration of reagents        or both

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit        comprising at least two liquid layers or liquid phases or liquid        regions,    -   Wherein the difference in density between liquid layers or        liquid phases or liquid regions is due to each liquid layer or        liquid phase or liquid region possessing a different composition        or concentration of reagents or both

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit,    -   Wherein the thermocline or temperature stratification is due to        liquid phases possessing different densities due to possessing        different compositions, or possessing different reagents        concentrations, or possessing different temperatures, or a        combination thereof

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit,    -   Wherein each liquid layer is separated by a barrier    -   Wherein said barrier comprises a floating barrier    -   Wherein said barrier comprises floating balls, a floating liner,        a floating sheet, a perforated sheet, a hydrophobic surface, a        hydrophilic surface, a liquid, a solid of an engineered density,        a liquid of an engineered density, an insoluble liquid, a        material, or a combination thereof    -   Wherein said barrier is moved mechanically movable    -   Wherein said barrier is hydraulically movable

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit,    -   Wherein layers are separated by a defined liquid-liquid barrier        Wherein at least one layer may be at least in part hydrophobic        and one layer may be at least in part hydrophilic

A liquid phase thermal storage unit comprising:

-   -   A temperature stratified or thermocline thermal storage unit,    -   Wherein stratification or layering is due to different densities        or concentrations or compositions or solubility or        hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity or a combination thereof    -   Wherein layers are contacted or separated by a defined        liquid-liquid interface    -   Wherein mixing between layers is minimized due to surface        tension    -   Wherein mixing between layers is minimized due to solubility    -   Wherein mixing between layers is minimized due to temperature        driven solubility    -   Wherein mixing is minimized due to a barrier

A method for enabling transport of heat independent of temperatureduring transport Higher temperature phase transition than thetemperature of district heating network for higher temperature phasetransition.

A system for heat or ‘cool’ transfer comprising an input stream and anoutput stream, wherein the output stream is a liquid-liquid phasetransitioned version of the input stream, comprising:

-   -   An input liquid stream    -   Wherein said input stream is preheated in a heat exchange with        one or more of the two or more separate liquid phase output        streams    -   Wherein said preheated input liquid stream is further heated to        above a phase transition temperature, forming a hot multi-liquid        phase mixture in a liquid-liquid phase transition Separating at        least a portion of the two or more liquid phases in said hot        multi-liquid phase mixture into separate non-contiguous streams    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams comprise said        two or more liquid phase output stream before heat exchange with        said input liquid stream    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are heat        exchanged with said input liquid stream    -   Wherein one of said non-contiguously separated streams is heat        exchanged with said input liquid stream, and another of said        non-contiguously separated streams is not heat exchanged with        the input liquid stream or remains at or above the temperature        of phase transition after exiting the heat exchange system    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        in a pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        in a pipe or pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring heating and mixed before or at an        application requiring heating to release the enthalpy of phase        transition    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring heating in a pipe network and mixed        before or at an application requiring heating to supply heat to        an application requiring heating at a higher temperature than        the temperature of liquid transported in the pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring heating and mixed before or at an        application requiring heating to supply heat in both the form of        specific heat capacity and the enthalpy of phase transition

A system for heat or ‘cool’ transfer comprising an input stream and anoutput stream, wherein the output stream is a liquid-liquid phasetransitioned version of the input stream, comprising:

-   -   An input liquid stream    -   Wherein said input stream is precooled in a heat exchange with        one or more of the two or more separate liquid phase output        streams    -   Wherein said precooled input liquid stream is further cooled to        below a phase transition temperature, forming a cold        multi-liquid phase mixture in a liquid-liquid phase transition        Separating at least a portion of the two or more liquid phases        in said cold multi-liquid phase mixture into separate        non-contiguous streams    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams comprise said        two or more liquid phase output stream before heat exchange with        said input liquid stream    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are heat        exchanged with said input liquid stream    -   Wherein one of said non-contiguously separated streams is heat        exchanged with said input liquid stream, and another of said        non-contiguously separated streams is not heat exchanged with        the input liquid stream or remains at or above the temperature        of phase transition after exiting the heat exchange system    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        in a pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        in a pipe or pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring heating and mixed before or at an        application requiring cooling to release the enthalpy of phase        transition    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring cooling in a pipe network and mixed        before or at an application requiring cooling to supply heat        removal or ‘cooling’ to an application requiring cooling at a        lesser temperature than the temperature of liquid transported in        the pipe network    -   Wherein said non-contiguously separated streams are transported        to an application requiring cooling and mixed before or at an        application requiring cooling to supply ‘cooling’ or heat        removal in both the form of specific heat capacity and the        enthalpy of phase transition    -   Wherein operating the pipe network at a higher temperature than        the liquid-liquid phase transition of the liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid composition advantageously reduces the        viscosity of the liquids relative to their viscosity at their        phase transition temperature.

A heat transfer process comprising:

-   -   A heat transfer composition with a liquid-liquid phase        transition;    -   A pipe for transferring said heat transfer liquid;    -   A mixing device to enable one or more liquid phases in the heat        transfer liquid to be adequately dispersed when said heat        transfer composition is at a multi-liquid phase state    -   Wherein the mixing device may include, but is not limited to,        one or more or a combination of the following: static mixer,        baffles, stirred vessel, mechanical mixer,    -   Wherein said adequately dispersed is defined by an average        droplet size or particulate size of less than__microns    -   Wherein said adequately dispersed is defined by a droplet size        or particulate density of greater than_per cm3    -   Wherein said adequately dispersed is defined as sufficiently        dispersed to prevent the accumulation of one or more liquid        phases in one or more parts or sections of the heat transfer        device    -   Wherein said adequately dispersed is defined as sufficiently        dispersed to prevent an unintentional complete layering of two        or more liquid phases    -   Wherein the temperature of the heat transfer liquid is    -   Wherein the viscosity of the heat transfer liquid is    -   Wherein a mixing device is located within a pumping device or is        coupled with a pumping device

A heat transfer process comprising:

-   -   A heat transfer liquid with a liquid-liquid phase transition;    -   A pipe for transferring said heat transfer liquid;    -   A mixing device to facilitate a liquid-liquid phase transition    -   Wherein said facilitating a liquid-liquid phase transition        involves triggering a liquid-liquid phase transition at the        temperature of liquid-liquid phase transition by means of motion        -   Note: Liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids generally            requiring mixing or other form of agitation to initiate the            liquid-liquid phase transition. Mixing or agitation is            especially required in facilitating a liquid-liquid phase            transition involving a transformation of a multi-liquid            phase solution into a single liquid phase solution.    -   Wherein said facilitating a liquid-liquid phase transition        involves facilitating a phase transition from a multi-liquid        phase mixture to a single liquid phase solution    -   Wherein said facilitating a liquid-liquid phase transition        involves facilitating a phase transition from a single liquid        phase solution to a multi-liquid phase mixture

A method for increasing the efficiency of a chiller or increasing theheat transfer rate or capacity of a liquid heat transfer loopcomprising:

-   -   Draining or otherwise removing at least a portion of water from        the heat transfer loop interconnected with the evaporator side        heat exchanger    -   Replacing or substituting at least a portion of said water (or        other heat transfer liquid) with a liquid-liquid phase        transitioning liquid    -   Where the liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquid enhances the        heat transfer capacity per a unit of mass of heat transfer        liquid by at least 20% compared to water    -   Wherein said replacing further comprises Replacing or coating        one or more or a combination of the following to ensure        compatibility: pump, gaskets, piping, heat exchanger, adhesives    -   Wherein a mixing device is added to ensure sufficient        distribution of liquid components in a multi-liquid phase        mixture    -   Wherein the phase transition temperature is in a temperature        range of at least 6-16 degrees C., or 7-15 degrees C., or 8-14        C, or 7-13 C, or 8-13 C, or 7-12 C, or 9-13 C, or 9-12 C    -   Wherein heat transfer system can be operating while phase        transitioning liquid is being added.

A method for increasing the efficiency of a chiller or increasing theheat transfer rate or capacity of a liquid heat transfer loopcomprising:

-   -   Draining or otherwise removing at least a portion of water from        the heat transfer loop interconnected with the evaporator side        heat exchanger    -   Replacing or substituting at least a portion of said water (or        other heat transfer liquid) with an organic composition    -   Wherein said organic composition, at an appropriate ratio to        said water, forms a liquid-liquid phase transitioning        composition    -   Where said formed liquid-liquid phase transitioning composition        the heat transfer capacity per a unit of mass of liquid by at        least 20% compared to water    -   Wherein said replacing or substituting involves adding said        organic composition to said water    -   Wherein the heat transfer system can be operating while the        organic composition is being added

Notes

-   -   Note: The enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may vary        for a given liquid. For example, if a liquid-liquid phase        transition liquid is only heated or cooled through a portion of        an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range,        the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition experienced by        said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may be less than if        said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid is heated or cooled        through an entire enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature range.    -   Note: In some embodiments, such as the embodiments shown in        FIGS. 36A and 36B, the liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature of a heat transfer liquid may be greater than the        boiling point of one or more components of said heat transfer        liquid. In some embodiments, the process may operate such that        the regeneration portion, such as Location #1, is    -   Note: Some embodiments, such as the embodiments shown in FIGS.        36A and 36B, may enable the storage and/or transfer of heat        significantly above the boiling point of a liquid. Some        embodiments, such as the embodiments shown in FIGS. 36A and 36B,        may enable the storage of heat significantly above the boiling        point of a liquid. Significantly above a boiling point of a        liquid may comprise a temperature equal to or greater than the        boiling point of a liquid plus 10° K, or 20° K, or 30° K, or 40°        K, or 50° K, or 60° K, or 70° K, or 80° K, or 90° K, or 100° K,        or 200° K, or a combination thereof.    -   Note: In some embodiments, a ‘chiller’ may represent an        application requiring heating and a ‘load’ may comprise a heat        source.    -   Note: Some embodiments may involve a thermal storage system        storing liquids of different densities as layers, wherein one or        two or more liquids or liquid layers possesses about the same        temperature, or different temperatures, or a temperature less        than a liquid—liquid phase transition temperature range, or a        temperature greater than a liquid-liquid temperature range, or a        combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a process        may involve heating a ‘cold’ LCST liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid, and/or heating or further heating a LCST liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid above a liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature to form a multi-liquid phase mixture comprising two        liquid phases, and/or separating said two liquid phases into two        non-contiguously separate liquid streams, and/or cooling said        two non-contiguously separate liquid streams (which may involve        a counter current heat exchange with ‘cold’ LCST liquid-liquid        phase change liquid), and/or storing said two non-contiguously        separate liquid streams as at least two liquid layers in a        thermal storage tank, and/or storing said two non-contiguously        separate liquid streams as at least two liquid layers in a        thermal storage tank wherein said two liquid layers are separate        by a floating barrier or bladder, and/or storing said two        non-contiguously separate liquid streams in at least two        separate tanks. For example, the present example thermal storage        process may discharge by removing at least a portion of the two        liquid layers and employing said two liquid layers in a        selective adiabatic heating process, such as ‘Location #2’ in        FIGS. 36A and 36B. For example, said two liquid layers may        comprise L-5 and L-6 in Location #2 of FIGS. 36A and 36B. For        example, L-1 in FIGS. 36A and 36B may comprise said ‘cold’ LCST        liquid-liquid phase change liquid. It is important to note the        two non-contiguous liquid phases stored in the present example        may be stored at a temperature below at least a portion of a        LCST of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising        said two non-contiguous liquid phases.    -   Note: Some embodiments may involve a thermal storage system        storing liquids of different densities as layers, wherein one or        two or more liquids or liquid layers possesses about the same        temperature, or different temperatures, or a temperature less        than a liquid—liquid phase transition temperature range, or a        temperature greater than a liquid-liquid temperature range, or a        combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a process        may involve cooling a ‘warm’ UCST liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid, and/or cooling or further cooling a UCST liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid below a liquid-liquid phase transition        temperature to form a multi-liquid phase mixture comprising two        liquid phases, and/or separating said two liquid phases into two        non-contiguously separate liquid streams, and/or heating said        two non-contiguously separate liquid streams (which may involve        a counter current heat exchange with ‘warm’ UCST liquid-liquid        phase transition liquid), and/or storing said two        non-contiguously separate liquid streams as at least two liquid        layers in a thermal storage tank, and/or storing said two        non-contiguously separate liquid streams as at least two liquid        layers in a thermal storage tank wherein said two liquid layers        are separate by a floating barrier or bladder, and/or storing        said two non-contiguously separate liquid streams in at least        two separate tanks. For example, the present example thermal        storage process may discharge by removing at least a portion of        the two liquid layers and employing said two liquid layers in a        selective adiabatic cooling process, such as ‘Location #2’ in        FIGS. 37A and 37B. For example, said two liquid layers may        comprise L-5 and L-6 in Location #2 of FIGS. 37A and 37B. For        example, L-1 in FIGS. 37A and 37B may comprise said ‘warm’ UCST        liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. It is important to note        the two non-contiguous liquid phases stored in the present        example may be stored at a temperature above at least a portion        of a UCST of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid        comprising said two non-contiguous liquid phases. Note: A        thermal storage reservoir may be the same as a thermal storage        tank. In some embodiments, a thermal storage reservoir may        comprise one or more thermal storage tanks.    -   Note: In some embodiments, removing a liquid from a thermal        storage reservoir may be conducted simultaneously to adding a        liquid to a thermal storage reservoir.    -   Note: In some embodiments, removing a liquid from a thermal        storage reservoir may be conducted simultaneously to adding a        liquid to a thermal storage reservoir. In some embodiments, the        rate of removing a liquid to a thermal storage reservoir may be        different from the rate of simultaneously adding a liquid to a        thermal storage reservoir.    -   Note: In some embodiments, removing a liquid from a thermal        storage reservoir may be conducted at a different time than        adding a liquid to a thermal storage reservoir. For example, a        liquid may be added to a thermal storage reservoir, and then, at        a future time, the same liquid may be removed from a thermal        storage reservoir. For example, a liquid may be removed from a        thermal storage reservoir, and then, at a future time, the same        liquid may be added to a thermal storage reservoir. For example,        a liquid may be removed from a thermal storage reservoir, and        then, at a future time, a different liquid may be added to a        thermal storage reservoir. For example, a liquid may be added to        a thermal storage reservoir, and then, at a future time, a        different liquid may be removed from a thermal storage        reservoir.    -   Note: Pumps and/or other fluid handling devices or processes may        be employed.    -   Note: Some embodiments may involve producing food or beverage        products, or cooling food or beverage products, or heating food        or beverage products or a combination thereof.    -   Note: Some embodiments may involve producing ice crème, or        slurries, or slushing, or lemonade, or icy lemonade, or sugar        water, or a combination thereof.    -   Note: Example separation processes or separation systems and/or        methods may include, but are not limited to, one or more or a        combination of the following: a membrane based process, or        reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or        organic solvent nanofiltration, or electrodialysis, or        intercalation, or lithium intercalation, or sodium        intercalation, or alkali intercalation, or alkaline earth        intercalation, or high pressure reverse osmosis, or DTRO, or        distillation, or vapor compression distillation, or        cryposeparation, or host-guest chemistry, or freezing        separation, or solid-liquid separation, or cryodesalination, or        forward osmosis, or membrane distillation, or vacuum        distillation, or extraction, or liquid-liquid separation, or        liquid-solid separation, or evaporation, or chemical reaction,        or destructive distillation, or absorption, or adsorption, or        ion exchange, or density based separation, or viscosity based        separation, or size based separation, or        hydrophilicity—hydrophilicity based separation, or coalescing,        or decanting, or centrifuge, or filtration, or static charge        based separation, or charge based separation, or electromagnetic        separation, or binary distillation, or azeotrope distillation,        or membrane distillation, or mechanical or vapor compression, or        hybrid systems, or flash distillation, or multistage flash        distillation, or multieffect distillation, or extractive        distillation, or switchable solvent, or reverse osmosis, or        nanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or        ultrafiltration, or microfiltration. For example, such a hybrid        system may involve at least partially recovering the soluble        reagent using nanofiltration and then further concentrating the        soluble reagent using membrane distillation. Another example of        such a hybrid system may be a process wherein a switchable        solvent ‘switches’ out of solution due to the presence of a        stimulant, such as a change in temperature, then nanofiltration        is employed to further concentrate the switchable solvent or        remove remaining switchable solvent in other solution. The        switchable solvent or other reagent dissolved in solution may be        further recovered or concentrated or even removed from the one        or more layers or separate solutions that are formed.    -   Note: An application requiring heating may include, but is not        limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: space        heating, or water heating, or process heating, or chemical        heating, or industrial heating, or building heating, or        residential heating, or deicing, or radiant heating, or cooking,        or heating for energy storage, or heating for a compressed air        or compressed gas energy storage system, or power generating        heating, or long distance heat transfer, or heating for gas        separation, or air heating, or HVAC, or heating for CO2 capture,        or heating for separations, or heating for desalination.    -   Note: An application requiring cooling may include, but is not        limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: space        heating, or water heating, or water freezing, or        cryodesalination, or chilling, or process cooling, or chemical        cooling, or industrial cooling, or building cooling, or        residential cooling, or cooling, or radiant cooling, or food        storage, or cold chain, or cooling for energy storage, or        cooling for a compressed air or compressed gas energy storage        system, or cooling generating heating, or cooling long distance        heat transfer, or air conditioning, or cooling air, or HVAC or        cooling for gas separation, or condensing, or desalination, or        cooling for CO2 capture, or cooling for separations, or cooling        for desalination.    -   Note: Solid-liquid phase change materials or solid-liquid phase        change materials may include, but are not limited to, one or        more or a combination of the following: water, ice, wax,        parrafin, oil, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, PCM,        phase change material, sugar alcohol, lipids, organic PCM,        inorganic PCM, nanocomposite, lauric acid, aromatic, fatty acid,        eutectic, PureTemp, Paraffin wax (liquid), Paraffin wax (solid),        Polyglycol E600 (liquid), PureTemp −37 PureTemp −23 PureTemp −21        PureTemp −17 PureTemp −15 PureTemp −12 PureTemp −5 PureTemp 1        PureTemp 4 PureTemp 6 PureTemp 8 PureTemp 12 PureTemp 15        PureTemp 18 PureTemp 20 PureTemp 23 PureTemp 24 PureTemp 25        PureTemp 27 PureTemp 28 PureTemp 29 PureTemp 33 PureTemp 35        PureTemp 37 PureTemp 48 PureTemp 53 PureTemp 58 PureTemp 60        PureTemp 63 PureTemp 68 PureTemp 103 PureTemp 151 Paraffin wax        (liquid) Paraffin wax (solid) Polyglycol E600 (liquid) Polygycol        E600 (solid) Plamitic acid (liquid) Plamitic acid (solid) Capric        acid (liquid) Capric acid (solid) Caprylic acid (liquid)        Caprylic acid (solid) Napthalene (liquid) Naphtalene (solid)        Potassium flouride tetrahydrate Calcium chloride hexahydrate        Butyl stearate Dodecanol Tech. grade octadecane Propyl palmitate        45/55 Capric-lauric acid Astorstat HA 17 Astorstat HA 18 RT26        RT27 Climsel C-21 Climsel C-18 Climsel C 7 Climsel C 10 Climsel        C 21 Climsel C24 Climsel C28 Climsel C32 Climsel C48 Climsel C58        Climsel C70 STL27 TH29 E23 Paraffin, Formic acid Caprilic acid        Glycerin p-Lattic acid Methyl palmitate Camphenilone Docasyl        bromide Caprylone Phenol Heptadecanone 1-Cyclohexylooctadecane        4-Heptadacanone p-Joluidine Cyanamide Methyl eicosanate        3-Heptadecanone 2-Heptadecanone Hydrocinnamic acid Cetyl acid        α-Nepthylamine Camphene O-Nitroaniline 9-Heptadecanone Thymol        Methyl behenate Diphenyl amine p-Dichlorobenzene Oxolate        Hypophosphoric acid O-Xylene dichloride β-Chloroacetic acid        Chloroacetic acid Nitro napthalene Trimyristin Heptaudecanoic        acid α-Chloroacetic acid Bee wax Bees wax Glyolic acid Glycolic        acid p-Bromophenol Azobenzene Acrylic acid Dinto toluent (2,4)        Phenylacetic acid Thiosinamine Bromcamphor Durene Benzylamine        Methly brombrenzoate Alpha napthol Glautaric acid p-Xylene        dichloride Catechol Quinone Actanilide Succinic anhydride        Benzoic acid Stibene Benzamide Acetic acid Polyethylene glycol        600 Capric acid Eladic acid Lauric acid Pentadecanoic acid        Tristearin Myristic acid Palmatic acid Stearic acid Acetamide        Methyl fumarate Gallium-gallium antimony eutectic Gallium        Cerrolow eutectic Bi—Cd—In eutectic Cerrobend eutectic Bi—Pb—In        eutectic Bi—In eutectic Bi—Pb-tin eutectic Bi—Pb eutectic Butyl        stearate Paraffin C16-C18 Capric-Lauric acid Dimethyl sabacate        Polyglycol E600 Paraffin C13-C24 34% Mistiric acid+66% Capric        Acid I-Dodecanol Paraffin C18 (45-55%) Vinyl stearate Capric        acid RT 20 Climsel C23 Climsel C24 RT 26 STL 27 S27 RT 30 TH 29        Climsel C32 RT 32 DS 5000 DS 5007 DS 5030 DS 5001 DS 5008 DS        5029 RT −9 HC RT −4 RT 0 RT 2 HC RT 3 RT 3 HC RT 4 RT 5 RT 5 HC        RT 6 RT 8 RT 9 RT 10 RT 10 HC RT 11 HC RT 12 RT 15 RT 18 HC RT        21 RT 21 HC RT 22 HC RT 24 RT 25 RT 25 HC RT 27 RT 28 HC RT 31        RT 35 RT 35 HC RT 42 RT 44 HC RT 47 RT 50 RT 52 RT 55 RT 58 RT        60 RT 62 RT 65 RT 70 HC RT 80 HC RT 82 RT 90 HC S117 S89 S83 S72        S70 S58 S50 S46 S44 S34 S32 S30 S27 S25 S23 S21 S19 S17 S15 S13        S10 S8 S7 A164 A155 A144 A133 A118 A95 A82 A70 A62 A60H A60H        A58H A58 A55 A53H A53H A52 A50 A48 A46 A44 A43 A42 A40 A39 A37        A36 A32 A29 A28 A26 A25H A25 A24 A23 A22H A22 A17 A16 A15 A9 A8        A6 A4 A3 A2 E0 E-2 E-3 E-6 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-14 E-15 E-19 E-21        E-22 E-26 E-29 E-32 E-34 E-37 E-50 E-75 E-78 E-90 E-114        PCM-HS26N PCM-HS23N PCM-HS10N PCM-HS07N PCM-HS01P PCM-0M05P        PCM-0M06P PCM-OMO8P PCM-0M11P PCM-0M21P PCM-H22P PCM-HS24P        PCM-HS29P PCM-OM32P PCM-OM35P PCM-HS34P PCM-OM37P PCM-OM46P        PCM-OM48P PCM-OM53P PCM-OM65P PCM-HS89P MPCM −30 MPCM −30D MPCM        −10 MPCM −10D MPCM 6 MPCM 6D MPCM 18 MPCM 18D MPCM 28 MPCM 28D        MPCM28D-IR MPCM 37 MPCM 37D MPCM 43D MPCM 56D n-Dodecane        n-Tridecane n-Tetradecane n-Pentadecane n-Hexadecane        n-Heptadecane n-Octadecane n-Nonodecane n-Eicosane n-Heneicosane        n-Docosane n-Tricosane n-Tetracosane n-Pentacosane n-Hexacosane        n-Heptacosane n-Octacosane n-Butanoic acid n-Hexanoic acid        n-Octanoic acid n-Decanoic acid n-Dodecanoic acid n-Tridecanoic        acid n-Tetradecanoic acid n-Pentadecanoic acid n-Hexadecanoic        acid n-Heptadecanoic acid n-Octadecanoic acid n-Nonadecanoic        acid n-Eicosanoic acid n-Heneicosanoic acid n-Tricosanoic acid        Lauric-palmistic Lauric-myristic Lauric-stearic Myristic-stearic        Myristic-palmitic Palmitic-stearic Capric-lauric Capric-palmitic        Capric-myristic Capric-stearic Glycerol trimysristate Glycerol        triplamitate Glycerol tristearate Ethylenglycol distearate        Erythritol tetrapalmitate Erythritol tetrastearate Galactitol        hexapalmitate Galactitol hexastearate Tetradecyl tridecanoate        Tetradecyl pentadcanoate Tetradecyl heptadecanoate Tetradecyl        nonadecanoate Tetradecyl dodecanoate Tetradecyl tetradecanoate        Tetradecyl hexadecanoate Tetradecyl octadecanoate Tetradecyl        eicosanoate Didecyl carbonate Dodecyl carbonate Tetradecyl        carbonate Hexadecyl carbonate Octadecyl carbonate Latest 29 T        Latest 25 T Latest 20 T Latest 18 T    -   Note: High enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition        liquid-liquid phase transition liquids may possess, including,        but not limited to, one or more or a combination of the        following properties: a liquid-liquid phase transition, high        enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition, non-toxic,        non-volatile, non-flammable, low viscosity, tunable or        adjustable liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, tunable        or adjustable enthalpy of phase transition, tunable or        adjustable liquid-liquid phase transition temperature,        customizable liquid-liquid phase transition temperature,        customizable enthalpy of phase transition temperature.    -   Note: A high enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition phase        transition liquid-liquid phase transition liquid may comprise a        liquid-liquid phase transition composition with an enthalpy of        liquid-liquid phase transition greater than or equal to 1 kJ/kg,        or 2 kJ/kg, or 3 kJ/kg, or 4 kJ/kg, or 5 kJ/kg, or 6 kJ/kg, or 7        kJ/kg, or 8 kJ/kg, or 9 kJ/kg, or 10 kJ/kg, or 11 kJ/kg, or 12        kJ/kg, or 13 kJ/kg, or 14 kJ/kg, or 15 kJ/kg, or 16 kJ/kg, or 17        kJ/kg, or 18 kJ/kg, or 19 kJ/kg, or 20 kJ/kg    -   For example, a thermal storage system may store heat or ‘cool’        in the temperature range of a liquid-liquid phase transition,        which, in some embodiments, may have an adjustable temperature        range of enthalpy of phase transition or a broad temperature        range of an enthalpy of phase transition or both. It is        important to note thermal storage may also refer to thermal        storage media, which may include heat transfer media and heat        transfer applications.    -   A phase transition temperature, or phase change temperature, or        a combination thereof may be less than, or equal to, or greater        than or a combination thereof on or more or a combination of the        following: −100° C., or −90° C., or −80° C., or −70° C., or −60°        C., or −50° C., or −40° C., or −30° C., or −20° C., or −10° C.,        0° C., 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C.,        9° C., 10° C., 11° C., 12° C., 13° C., 14° C., 15° C., 16° C.,        17° C., 18° C., 19° C., 20° C., 21° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C.,        60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C., 100° C., 110° C., 120° C., 130°        C., 140° C., 150° C., 140° C., 150° C., 200° C., 500° C., 1000°        C., 2000° C., 3000° C., 10000° C., 100000° C.    -   A concentration of one or more components (For Example:        reagents) may include, but is not limited to, mass percentages        of one or more components comprising greater than or equal to        one or more or a combination of the following: 0.0001%, or        0.001%, or 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%,        or 13%, or 14%, 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or        21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or        29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or        37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or        45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or        53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or        65%, or 70%, or 75%, or 80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or less        than or equal to 100%.

Example Further Notes

-   -   Note: Example definitions of the following terms: ‘liquid        layer’, ‘liquid phase’, and ‘liquid region’. It is important to        note that said terms may be employed interchangeably. Although        said terms may be employed interchangeably, said terms may be        differentiated in, for example, the following ways:        -   Liquid Layer: A liquid layer may be defined by being a            liquid comprising a different composition, concentration of            one or more reagents, temperature, hydrophobicity,            hydrophilicity, density, solubility properties, or a            combination thereof than another liquid. A one layer may            have defined properties which distinguish it from other            layers or liquids, which may or may have been at one point            or may be non-contiguously or may be continuously or a            combination thereof in contact with each other.        -   Liquid Phase: A material at the physical state of a liquid.            One liquid phase may be distinct from another liquid phase            due to, for example, different composition, concentration of            one or more reagents, temperature, hydrophobicity,            hydrophilicity, solubility properties, density, or a            combination thereof.        -   Liquid Region: In a container contain a liquid, a portion of            the liquid may be distinct from a another portion of liquid            based on, for example, different composition, concentration            of one or more reagents, temperature, hydrophobicity,            hydrophilicity, solubility properties, density, or a            combination thereof. The location of one distinct portion of            liquid may be defined as a liquid region, although may also            be referred to as a liquid layer or liquid phase.    -   Note: Each link may be incorporated herein as a reference    -   Note: Liquid-liquid phase transitioning liquids may be sold or        transported as the organic or otherwise non-water components.        For example, when transported to the site of use, the customer        or distributor or end user may follow instructions to mix the        organic or otherwise non-water components (may be referred to        as, for example, ‘concentrate) with a certain amount of water or        deionized water or deoxygenated water (for example: 1 part        concentrate and three parts water). This may be advantageous        because some liquids comprise mostly water by mass or volume. By        transporting the concentrate instead of the liquid-liquid phase        transition solution (concentrate mixed with an appropriate        amount of water), the volume and/or mass of liquid transported        may be reduced by, for example, including, but not limited to,        one or more or a combination thereof: at least 40%, or at least        50%, or at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 80%, or at        least 90%, or at least 95%. Reducing volume or mass of liquid        transported may reduce the cost of shipping and the minimize        shipping logistical challenges. Other instructions may involve        cooling and/or mixing the concentration—water mixture such that        it dissolves to form a single liquid phase solution before        adding it to its application.        -   Note: A combined solution may phase transition into two or            more liquid phases during transport. Ensuring a proper ratio            of concentrate to water in an end use application may be            challenging when the liquids comprise a multi-liquid phase            mixture and the entire amount of liquid being transported is            not required in the end use application. Said challenge may            be addressed by transporting the concentrate liquid separate            from water before introducing it to the end use application.    -   Note: May enable a stratified liquid tank with a liquid-liquid        phase transitioning liquid. May be driven by the density of the        constituent liquids rather than the change in density due to        temperature, which may enable a more defined temperature        stratification and/or reduce losses due to mixing between        stratified temperature layers.    -   Note: In some embodiments, a ‘Floating Barrier’ may comprise a        layer of an insoluble liquid. Said insoluble liquid may be        insoluble in one or both of the liquid phases it is in contact        with or separating. Said insoluble liquid may have a density        engineered to be less dense than the density of a less dense        liquid layer and engineered to be more dense than the density of        a more dense liquid layer.    -   Note: L-2 and L-4 may have the same composition, L-1 and L-6 may        have the same composition. L-1 and LL-1 may have same        composition, but different liquid phases or distribution of        reagents in liquid phases. LL-2 and L-6 may have same        composition, but different liquid phases or distribution of        reagents in liquid phases.    -   Note: Liquid ‘B’ and/or other liquid layers may be placed in at        different heights or placements (e.g. bottom, middle, top),        independent of their density, using, for example, barriers or        other methods, if desired.

Example Embodiments

Solid-Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Process Embodiments

1. A process for heat transfer comprising:

cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising two liquidphases below an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange to form a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising oneliquid phase;

cooling said one liquid phase below a temperature of a solid-liquidphase change to form a composition comprising a solid-liquid slurry; and

transferring at least a portion of said solid-liquid slurry to anapplication requiring cooling, a heat source, or both.

2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid further comprises a solid-liquid phase changematerial.3. The process of embodiment 2 wherein the solid-liquid phase changematerial is soluble in at least one liquid phase of the liquid-liquidphase transition liquid.4. The process of embodiment 2 wherein the solid-liquid phase changematerial is insoluble in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid whileat a liquid state.5. The process of embodiment 3 wherein the solid-liquid phase changematerial comprises water.6. The process of embodiment 4 wherein the solid-liquid phase changematerial comprises a paraffin, a hydrophobic polymer, or a combinationthereof.7. The process of embodiment 4 wherein said liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising one liquid phase is in a multi-liquid phasemixture with the solid-liquid phase change material.8. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change (1) is within the liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range, or (2) is adjacent to the liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range, or (3) is significantly differentfrom the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range.9. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises adjusting theliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range by changing aconcentration of a reagent in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.10. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising separating at least aportion of the solid-liquid slurry from the liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid.11. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising adding a solid-liquidphase change material to the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.12. The process of embodiment 2 further comprising adjusting thesolid-liquid phase change material in response to a change in heatcapacity.13. The process of embodiment 2 further comprising replacing at least aportion of the solid-liquid phase change material with a secondsolid-liquid phase change material having a different freezing point.14. The process of embodiment 13 wherein the replacing is in response toa change in an operating temperature.15. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the specific heat capacity ofthe solid-liquid slurry is greater than the specific heat capacity of awater—ice slurry at the temperature of the solid-liquid phase change.16. A process for heat transfer comprising:

cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising a singlephase below an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange to form a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising twoliquid phases;

cooling said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising two liquidphases below a temperature of a solid-liquid phase change to form acomposition comprising a solid-liquid slurry; and

transferring at least a portion of said solid-liquid slurry to anapplication requiring cooling, a heat source, or both.

17. A process for producing ice comprising:

mixing one liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid withanother liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid to forman exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition;

removing heat; and

mixing the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid with a phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent to form an endothermic liquid-liquidphase transition;

wherein said at least a portion of the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprises water and wherein the endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition reduces the temperature to about the freezing point of wateror below to freeze at least a portion of liquid water to form ice.18. The process of embodiment 17 further comprising separating at leasta portion of said ice.19. The process of embodiment 17 further comprising separating at leastone liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from anotherliquid phase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid after saidendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition.20. The process of embodiment 19 further comprising removing at least aportion of the phase transition temperature adjustment reagent from atleast one of said separated liquid phases.21. A process comprising:

mixing two non-contiguous liquid phases to form an endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition liquid wherein at least a portion of theendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprises water; and

reducing the temperature to at or below the freezing point of waterwherein at least a portion of liquid water freezes to form ice.

22. The process of embodiment 21 further comprising separating said icefrom the remaining liquid.23. The process of embodiment 21 further comprising:

adding a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent to theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid to form an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition and a mixture comprising two liquidphases;

removing heat;

separating said mixture comprising two liquid phases into twonon-contiguous liquid phases; and

removing at least a portion of said added phase transition temperatureadjustment reagent.

Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Thermal Storage Tanks with CompositionDriven Stratification Embodiments

1. A process for thermal storage comprising:

(a) providing a thermal storage reservoir with a first liquid having afirst temperature and a second liquid having a lower temperature thanthe first liquid; wherein said first liquid and said second liquid arelayered within the tank due to a difference in density between saidfirst and second liquid and wherein said density difference is due to adifference in composition, concentration, or both;

(b) charging the thermal storage reservoir by removing at least aportion of said first liquid and adding at least a portion of saidsecond liquid wherein the added second liquid's temperature is lowerthan the first liquid; and

(c) discharging the thermal reservoir by removing at least a portion ofsaid second liquid and adding at least a portion of said first liquidwherein the added first liquid's temperature is higher than the secondliquid.

2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the added second liquid'stemperature is different than the second liquid and the added firstliquid's temperature is different than the first liquid.3. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the first liquid and the secondliquid each comprise a dissolved reagent and wherein the concentrationof the dissolved reagent in the first liquid is different from theconcentration of the dissolved reagent in the second liquid.4. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the composition of the secondliquid is different from the composition of the first liquid.5. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises employing one ormore additional liquids with a lower temperature than the first liquid.6. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises employing one ormore additional liquids with a higher temperature than the first liquid.7. The process of embodiment 5 wherein each additional liquid has adifferent density than both the first liquid and the second liquid.8. The process of embodiment 6 wherein each additional liquid has adifferent density than both the first liquid and the second liquid.9. The process of embodiment 1 wherein each of the first liquid and thesecond liquid comprise a liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phasetransition system.10. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises adjusting thedensity of said first liquid, of said second liquid, or both byadjusting the concentration of a dissolved reagent.11. The process of embodiment 1 wherein said first liquid and saidsecond liquid are layered within the tank such that the second liquid islayered above the first liquid.12. The process of embodiment 1 wherein said first liquid and saidsecond liquid are layered within the tank such that the first liquid islayered above the second liquid.13. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises employing atleast one additional liquid wherein said first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank such that the second liquid islayered between the first liquid and the at least one additional layer.14. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises employing atleast one additional liquid wherein said first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank such that the first liquid is layeredbetween the second liquid and the at least one additional layer.15. The process of embodiment 1 wherein said removing is conducted at adifferent time than said adding.16. A process for thermal storage comprising:

(a) providing a thermal storage reservoir with a first liquid having afirst temperature and a second liquid having a lower temperature thanthe first liquid; wherein said first liquid and said second liquid arelayered within the tank due to a difference in density between saidfirst and second liquid and wherein said density difference is due to adifference in composition, concentration, or both;

(b) charging the thermal storage reservoir by removing at least aportion of said second liquid and adding at least a portion of saidfirst liquid wherein the added first liquid's temperature is higher thanthe second liquid; and

(c) discharging the thermal reservoir by removing at least a portion ofsaid first liquid and adding at least a portion of said second liquidwherein the added second liquid's temperature is lower than the firstliquid.

17. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the added second liquid'stemperature is different than the second liquid and the added firstliquid's temperature is different than the first liquid.18. The process of embodiment 17 wherein the first liquid and the secondliquid each comprise a dissolved reagent and wherein the concentrationof the dissolved reagent in the first liquid is different from theconcentration of the dissolved reagent in the second liquid.19. The process of embodiment 16 wherein the composition of the secondliquid is different from the composition of the first liquid.20. The process of embodiment 16 which further comprises employing oneor more additional liquids with a lower temperature than the firstliquid.21. The process of embodiment 16 which further comprises employing oneor more additional liquids with a higher temperature than the firstliquid.22. The process of embodiment 20 wherein each additional liquid has adifferent density than both the first liquid and the second liquid.23. The process of embodiment 21 wherein each additional liquid has adifferent density than both the first liquid and the second liquid.24. The process of embodiment 16 wherein each of the first liquid andthe second liquid comprise a liquid phase of a liquid-liquid phasetransition system.25. The process of embodiment 16 which further comprises adjusting thedensity of said first liquid, of said second liquid, or both byadjusting the concentration of a dissolved reagent.26. The process of embodiment 16 wherein said first liquid and saidsecond liquid are layered within the tank such that the second liquid islayered above the first liquid.27. The process of embodiment 16 wherein said first liquid and saidsecond liquid are layered within the tank such that the first liquid islayered above the second liquid.28. The process of embodiment 16 which further comprises employing atleast one additional liquid wherein said first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank such that the second liquid islayered between the first liquid and the at least one additional layer.29. The process of embodiment 16 which further comprises employing atleast one additional liquid wherein said first liquid and said secondliquid are layered within the tank such that the first liquid is layeredbetween the second liquid and the at least one additional layer.30. The process of embodiment 16 wherein said removing is conducted at adifferent time than said adding.Selectively Adiabatic Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Heat Transferand/or Thermal StorageA selectively adiabatic process for cooling or heating comprising:(a) heating or cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising one phase to a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature toform a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising two or moreliquid phases;(b) heat exchanging said liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising two or more liquid phases;(c) converting said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising twoor more liquid phases to a liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising one liquid phase with cooling or heating capacity;(d) heat exchanging said liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising one liquid phase and then conducting step (e), step (f), orconducting both with a portion of said liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid comprising one liquid phase;(e) optionally repeating steps (a) to (d); and(f) delivering said liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising oneliquid phase with cooling or heating capacity to an application in needof cooling or heating.

1. A process for heat transfer comprising: cooling a liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprising two liquid phases below an exothermicliquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid comprising one liquid phase; cooling said oneliquid phase below a temperature of a solid-liquid phase change to forma composition comprising a solid-liquid slurry; and transferring atleast a portion of said solid-liquid slurry to an application requiringcooling, a heat source, or both.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein theliquid-liquid phase transition liquid further comprises a solid-liquidphase change material.
 3. The process of claim 2 wherein thesolid-liquid phase change material is soluble in at least one liquidphase of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.
 4. The process ofclaim 2 wherein the solid-liquid phase change material is insoluble inthe liquid-liquid phase transition liquid while at a liquid state. 5.The process of claim 3 wherein the solid-liquid phase change materialcomprises water.
 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the solid-liquidphase change material comprises a paraffin, a hydrophobic polymer, or acombination thereof.
 7. The process of claim 4 wherein saidliquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising one liquid phase is ina multi-liquid phase mixture with the solid-liquid phase changematerial.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change (1) is within the liquid-liquid phasetransition temperature range, or (2) is adjacent to the liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range, or (3) is significantly differentfrom the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range.
 9. Theprocess of claim 1 which further comprises adjusting the liquid-liquidphase transition temperature range by changing a concentration of areagent in the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.
 10. The process ofclaim 1 further comprising separating at least a portion of thesolid-liquid slurry from the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid. 11.The process of claim 1 further comprising adding a solid-liquid phasechange material to the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid.
 12. Theprocess of claim 2 further comprising adjusting the solid-liquid phasechange material in response to a change in heat capacity.
 13. Theprocess of claim 2 further comprising replacing at least a portion ofthe solid-liquid phase change material with a second solid-liquid phasechange material having a different freezing point.
 14. The process ofclaim 13 wherein the replacing is in response to a change in anoperating temperature.
 15. The process of claim 1 wherein the specificheat capacity of the solid-liquid slurry is greater than the specificheat capacity of a water—ice slurry at the temperature of thesolid-liquid phase change.
 16. A process for heat transfer comprising:cooling a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising a singlephase below an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition temperaturerange to form a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprising twoliquid phases; cooling said liquid-liquid phase transition liquidcomprising two liquid phases below a temperature of a solid-liquid phasechange to form a composition comprising a solid-liquid slurry; andtransferring at least a portion of said solid-liquid slurry to anapplication requiring cooling, a heat source, or both.
 17. A process forproducing ice comprising: mixing one liquid phase of a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid with another liquid phase of a liquid-liquidphase transition liquid to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition; removing heat; and mixing the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid with a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent to form anendothermic liquid-liquid phase transition; wherein said at least aportion of the liquid-liquid phase transition liquid comprises water andwherein the endothermic liquid-liquid phase transition reduces thetemperature to about the freezing point of water or below to freeze atleast a portion of liquid water to form ice.
 18. The process of claim 17further comprising separating at least a portion of said ice.
 19. Theprocess of claim 17 further comprising separating at least one liquidphase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid from another liquidphase of a liquid-liquid phase transition liquid after said endothermicliquid-liquid phase transition.
 20. The process of claim 19 furthercomprising removing at least a portion of the phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent from at least one of said separatedliquid phases.
 21. A process comprising: mixing two non-contiguousliquid phases to form an endothermic liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid wherein at least a portion of the endothermic liquid-liquid phasetransition liquid comprises water; and reducing the temperature to at orbelow the freezing point of water wherein at least a portion of liquidwater freezes to form ice.
 22. The process of claim 21 furthercomprising separating said ice from the remaining liquid.
 23. Theprocess of claim 21 further comprising: adding a phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent to the liquid-liquid phase transitionliquid to form an exothermic liquid-liquid phase transition and amixture comprising two liquid phases; removing heat; separating saidmixture comprising two liquid phases into two non-contiguous liquidphases; and removing at least a portion of said added phase transitiontemperature adjustment reagent.